Pg. 8-19
Scientific method make observations Do experiments Create models/theories Explain results/predict new answers
Hypothesis – EDUCATED guess about how variables are related Scientific law – RULE of nature that sums up related observations to describe a pattern in nature. Scientific theory – EXPLANATION based on many observations supported by experimental results.
1. Measurement – a comparison between an unknown quantity and a standard. 2. Precision vs. Accuracy a. Precision – the degree of exactness of a measurement. b. Accuracy – how well the results of a measurement agree with the “real” or accepted value measured by competent experimenters. WS 27-28
Instruments must be used correctly Measurements must be made as precise as the instrument allows. Scales should be read with one’s eye directly above the measure. See pg. 13
Identify variables Change one factor at a time Independent variable – factor that is changed or manipulated Dependent variable – factor that is measured and depends on the independent variable
Line of best fit – a line drawn as close to all the data points as possible. See Plotting Line Graphs pg. 16
When the line of best fit is a straight line, the dependent variable varies linearly with the independent. The relationship can be written as an equation. y = mx + b Y-intercept is b Slope is m
Slope is the ratio of the vertical change to the horizontal change. To find slope, select two points, A and B, far apart on the line. Vertical change/rise = Δ y Horizontal change/run – Δ x m = rise/run = Δ y/ Δ x
If y gets smaller as x gets larger, then Δ y/ Δ x is negative, and the line slopes downward.
Graph is not in a straight line Quadratic relationship between two variables Exists when on variable depends on the square of another See equation pg. 17
Graph is a hyperbola where one variable depends on the inverse of the other. See pg. 18 y = a/x