Taylor Panfil, Brianna Ackerman Water IV Taylor Panfil, Brianna Ackerman

Increasing Levels in the Body Water Intoxication/Hyponatremia Extremes sodium loss through prolonged sweating coupled with dilution of existing extracellular sodium To maintain homeostasis excess water outside the cell draws sodium from the cell into the ECF As water accumulates, ECF sodium level concentration drops resulting in Hyponatremia As sodium leaves the cell only water is left in the ICF, too much water inside the cell causes tissues to swell with excess fluid Occurs when sodium serum levels are less then 135 mEq/L severe Hyponatremia occurs when sodium serum levels are less than 125 mEq/L

Hyponatremia… Three Different types Hypovolemic Hyponatremia- A decrease in TBW resulting in a greater decrease in total body sodium. Euvolemic Hyponatremia- Normal sodium levels and and increase in TBW Hypervolemic Hyponatremia- An increase in total body sodium resulting in a greater increase in TBW.

Hyponatremia and Athletes More likely to affect athletes Excessive sweating results in water and electrolyte loss Suffer Hyponatremia from drinking too much water without replacing lost electrolytes. Excessive sweating/exercising also negatively effects athletes’ urine production from reduced renal blood flow which impedes the body’s ability to excrete excess water

Hyponatremia… Common in Infants. Other Causes Symptoms If given tap water instead of formula or non-electrolyte balanced solutions such as Pedialyte or if formula is too diluted with water Other Causes Water Pills, Kidney problems, Congestive Heart Failure, Cirrhosis of the Liver, Low Sodium/High Water Diets Symptoms Headache, Confusion, Seizures, Muscle Cramps or Spasms, Weakness, Nausea and Vomiting

Decreasing Levels of Water in the Body Dehydration Lose too much water than is taken in Results in impairment to carry out normal body functions Impairment of body function results at levels of 2-3% loss of TBW. The greater amount of water loss the more severe the symptoms

Dehydration… No one is exempt Most common in younger children due to their small bodies and high water and electrolyte turnover Also common in the elderly due to their decreased ability to conserve water and less accurate sense of thirst Endurance Athletes People suffering from chronic illness Uncontrolled Diabetes, Kidney Disease, Alcoholism

Dehydration… Causes Intense Diarrhea, Vomiting, Sweating, not drinking enough water during hot conditions or exercise, increased urination from certain medications or alcohol, reduced eating and drinking from sickness Symptoms Dry mouth, Drowsiness, Thirst, Decreased Urine output, Dry skin, Headache, Low blood pressure, Dizziness.

Peak Functional/Dysfunctional Levels ~40-70% of body is Water Levels depend on age, Activity level/lifestyle, Climate, Body composition and Gender The average male should consume about 3 Liters of water/day to maintain optimal water balance levels Women should consume about 2.2 Liters of water per/day

References http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/242166-overview#a0156 http://www.medicinenet.com/hyponatremia/article.htm http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/hyponatremia/DS00974/DS ECTION=causes http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dehydration/DS00561/DSE CTION=causes