1. FLUID AN ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

2. OBJECTIVES List, describe, and compare the body fluid
compartments and their subdivisions
Discuss avenues by which water enters
and leaves the body and the mechanisms
that maintain fluid balance
Discuss the nature and importance of
electrolytes in body fluids and explain the
aldosterone mechanism of extracellular
fluid volume control

3. OBJECTIVES Explain the interaction between capillary
blood pressure and blood proteins
Give examples of common fluid imbalances

4. Fluid Balance Required for healthy survival.
Total volume and distribution of water in the body remain normal and constant.
Input must balance output.
Water is the most abundant compound in the body.

5. BODY FLUIDS Average body water volume based on healthy
nonobese, 70-kg male (154 lbs)
Water is 60% of body weight in males
Water is 50% of body weight in females
Volume averages 40 L in 70kg male

6. WATER VARIATIONS Fat content (Adipose tissue) of the body is
Related to total body weight of an individual
Fat content (Adipose tissue) of the body is
lower in water content.
Female is 10% less than the male

7. WATER VARIATIONS Age also accounts for variations
-- Newborn infants, water may account for
80% of total body weight
-- In elderly individuals, the water per pound
of weight decreases
+ Muscle tissue which is high in water is
replaced by fat which is lower in water

8. BODY FLUIDS

9. MAJOR FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Extracellualar Fluid (ECF)
-- Plasma
-- Interstitial fluid (IF)
-- Miscellaneous
- Lymph, joint fluids; cerebrospinal fluid
eye humors
-- Internal environment of the body
-- Surrounds cells and transports substances
to and from them

10. MAJOR FLUID COMPARTMENTS
Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
-- Largest fluid compartment
-- Located inside cells
-- Serves as a solvent to facilitate intracellular
chemical reactions

11. FLUID BALANCE MECHANISMS
INPUTS AND OUTPUTS
INPUTS
Ingested liquids
Water in foods
Catabolism
OUTPUTS
Kidneys
Lungs
Skin
Intestines

12. FLUID BALANCE MECHANISMS
URINE VOLUME
Adjusts to fluid intake
Anitdiuretic hormone (ADH) from posterior
pituitary glands acts to increase kidney
tubule reabsorption
Reabsorption will increase extracellular fluid
(total body fluid) which decreases urine volume

13. FLUID BALANCE MECHANISMS
ECF
Increase in sodium concentration tends to
increase the ECF volume by increasing water
movement out of the ICF and increasing ADH
secretion
The increase in ADH secretion decreases urine
volume which increases ECF volume

14. FLUID BALANCE MECHANISMS
CAPILLARY BP
Pushes water out of blood into IF
Blood protein concentration pulls water into blood
from IF
Two forces regulate plasma and IF volume under
usual conditions

15. IMPORTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES IN BODY FLUIDS
NONELECTROLYTES
Organic substances
Do not break up or dissociate when placed
in water solution

16. IMPORTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES IN BODY FLUIDS
Compounds that break up or dissociate
in when placed in water solution
Break into separate particles called “ions”
Example: Table salt

17. IMPORTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES IN BODY FLUIDS
IONS
Dissociated particles of an electrolyte
Carry an electrical charge
-- Positive charged ion such as sodium
-- Negative charged ion such as bicarbonate

18. IMPORTANCE OF ELECTROLYTES IN BODY FLUIDS

19. Edema
Abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces
-Causes can be increased aldosterone secretion
-Increase in capillary blood pressure
-Decrease in plasma protein

20. -Too large fluid output, or too small fluid intake
Dehydration
-Too large fluid output, or too small fluid intake

21. FLUID IMBALANCES Small intake or large output may cause dehydration.
Overhydration though less common, causes many dangers.

22. FLUID AN ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

23. Questions Where can extracellular fluid be found?
Approximately what percentage of water does
a healthy non-obese male have?
-Where are some sources the body can receive
water from?

24. Questions What is the function of ANH?
-What is the function of ADH?
What is the function of ANH?
What are the three main factors that effect
fluid volumes?

25. Questions kidney? -How do plasma proteins work in fluid volume
-What controls sodium reabsorption in the
kidney?
-How do plasma proteins work in fluid volume
controls?

26. I.V. FLUIDS/SOLUTIONS

27. LACTATED RINGERS AND NORMAL SALINE
Used to administer IV medications
Restores blood volume in hemorrhage and blood pressure in shock.

28. LACTATED RINGERS AND NORMAL SALINE
Compensates for fluid loss from burns
Combats dehydration

29. DEXTROSE Same use as normal saline and lactated ringers
Provides added nutrients

30. WHOLE BLOOD / PACKED BLOOD CELLS
Used to replace blood
Used to treat shock, burns, and certain diseases

31. OTHER BLOOD PRODUCTS
Fresh frozen plasma
Platelets
Blood substitutes

32. BLOOD SUBSTITUTES Dextran Plasma volume expander
Used to maintain blood volume until body replenishes it or plasma is obtained.

33. BLOOD SUBSTITUTES Albumin Blood volume expander Used as whole blood
Contains all blood factors except red blood cells
Enhances coagulation

34. FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE
The End