Year 11 Physical Education AS 1.2 Credits: 5 Miss Sandri Biomechanics Year 11 Physical Education AS 1.2 Credits: 5 Miss Sandri

HOSE 16 x Lessons CALENDAR AUGUST 2013 CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 BIOMECANICS Force Summation Force Summation *Practical* No Lesson Hose- Theory Hose- Practical Newton’s Laws Theory Practical- Cross Country OR Frisbee Golf Projectile Motion/ Leavers Practical- Volleyball No Lesson PHYSIOLOGY STARTS No Lesson CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 No Lesson No Lesson Revision Revision Study Leave EXAM 1.20pm

BRADLEY 14 x Lessons CALENDAR AUGUST 2013 CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 MONDAY TUESDAY WEDNESDAY THURSDAY FRIDAY 12 13 14 15 16 19 20 21 22 23 26 27 28 29 30 Force Summation/ Practical Bradley- Cross Country Bradley- Anatomy Bradley- Anatomy No Lesson Stability/ Force Summation Force Summation- Frisbee Golf Newton's Laws of Motion Practical Session-Volleyball No Lesson Biomechanics Revision & Intro to PHYSIOLOGY Cross Country- No class  No Lesson CALENDAR SEPTEMBER 2013 2 3 4 5 6 9 10 11 12 13 16 17 18 19 No Lesson Revision Revision Study Leave EXAM 1.20pm

Forces are the basis for all movement. Biomechanics Biomechanics is the study of forces and their effects on the human body during movement. Forces are the basis for all movement.

Body Types Ectomorph: Mesomorph: Endomorph: Tall and slender Very little muscle Basketball Mesomorph: Muscular and athletic Strength and endurance Athletics Endomorph: Short and high proportion of fat Short duration Swimming, sumo, power lifting

Biomechanics Balance and Stability Force Summation Newton’s Laws Projectile Motion Levers

1. Balance and Stability Centre of Gravity (CoG) Base of Support (BoS) Line of Gravity (LoG)

Centre of Gravity The point at which all parts of an object are equally balanced. Standing up right our centre of gravity is around our navel. The centre of gravity changes depending upon what position the body is in. The centre of gravity can lie outside an object. Generally, the lower the COG the more stable an object will be.

Base of Support The area within an object’s point of contact with the ground. Generally, the larger the area the base of support covers, the more stable an object will be.

Line of Gravity The vertical line that passes through the centre of gravity to the ground. The line of gravity is important when determining the stability of an object. If the line of gravity falls within an object’s base of support the object is relatively stable.

Stability Summary COG, BOS & LOG Key points- to maximise stability you should… Lower the _____ Increase the size of the ____ Keep the ____ within the ____ The _____ passes within the ____ Lets think of some sporting examples… COG BOS LOG BOS LOG COG

2. Force Summation To give an object momentum in activities such as throwing, kicking or striking an object, the amount of momentum given to the object is determined by ‘the sum of all forces generated by each body part’. 2 mins

Principles of Force Summation… Use the greatest number of body segments or muscle groups as possible. In the correct sequence, use large muscle groups first and then the small muscles last, but fast. Use the correct timing of the body segments or muscle groups. 5 mins

Force Summation Stop the video at 7.25mins http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q0lAr5lFoXI 10 mins Stop the video at 7.25mins

Research Task Collect a work sheet and follow the instructions When finished, come back into the classroom. Do now/ for homework: Using the information you have acquired surrounding force summation, and in table 1, describe your findings and give explanations as to why the throw distance may vary. Use the principles of force summation to explain your answer. DUE: Finished?? See me! 30 minutes

3. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton Explains the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of a body.

Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion 1st BOX: Key words, definition. 2nd BOX: Sports related diagram. 3rd BOX: Connecting the two.

Law 1: Inertia Law 1: Inertia- an object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force.

Law 1: Inertia Inertia is an objects resistance to change in motion. An objects inertia is proportional to it’s weight (mass). The heavier the object, the more inertia it has. Sporting example…

Law 2: Acceleration Law 2: Acceleration- the acceleration of an object is dependant on the mass, size and direction of the force acting upon it. force = mass x acceleration [ f = m x a ] Unpack this sentence

Law 2: Acceleration When a force is applied to an object, it will move in the direction the force was applied. Depending on the size/ mass of the object, it will accelerate accordingly. The smaller the object the faster it will accelerate. The larger the mass, the slower the acceleration.

Law 3: Action/Reaction Law 3: Action- reaction- whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Law 3: Action/ Reaction If an athlete exerts a force onto the ground in order to push off, the ground will exert an equal and opposite force on the athlete, pushing them up into the air. Action force Reaction force

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MAm6LOUnJ80

Example- Swimming Think about a swimmer: a) When would Newton’s 3 laws take place? b) How could Newton’s 3 laws of motion help their performance?

Summary: Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion Sir Isaac Newton Explains the relationship between the forces acting on a body and the motion of a body. Law 1: Inertia- an object remains at rest or in motion unless acted upon by an external force. Law 2: Acceleration- the acceleration of an object is dependant on the mass, size and direction of the force acting upon it. Law 3: Action- reaction- whenever a force is applied there is an equal and opposite reaction.

4. Projectile Motion Principles of Flight (Projectile Motion) A projectile is an object upon which the only force acting is gravity (for the purposes of this unit we assume air resistance is negligible). This means that even you can be a projectile if you leave the ground!

Projectile Motion When maximum distance is required there are 3 things that will influence the distance of the projectile. Height of release. Speed of release. Angle of release

Height of Release For a given speed and angle of release, the greater the height of release the greater the distance gained. Question 1 & 2

Speed of Release For any given angle of release, speed of release makes a considerable difference to the distance a projectile will travel. Connection to force summation. Question 3

Angle of Release When throwing for distance- 45degrees is the ultimate angle. Question 4

5. Levers Leavers help apply force as they can move greater loads with a set amount of force. Most levers have three clearly identified parts: The pivot (or fulcrum) The load (resistance) The effort (force)

Three Types of Levers First Class Lever e.g. see saw, rower, leg press etc. Question 5 2. Second Class Lever e.g. a wheel barrow Question 6

Third Class Lever The third class lever is the most applicable to sports biomechanics. Any instrument such as a bat, club, arm, leg etc could be considered a third class lever. Question 7 & 8

Levers Which one has more control? Longer levers result in more speed, beneficial for striking and throwing objects. Shorter levers result in greater strength, beneficial for pushing, pulling, and lifting objects. Which one has more control? Try writing with your pen with your hand holding the top of it. Question 9

Summary Projectile Motion Levers Height of release Angle of release Speed of release Levers First class Second class Third class (THE MOST IMPORTANT) Longer levers= increased speed Shorter levers= greater strength