Barcelona 29 th September 2011 What is Case Management? Paul Turnbull Amy Kirby DOMICE Conference 2011

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 What I’m going to do Definitions and aims of case management Models of case management How case management can be applied to probation Concerns about case management Suggested improvements to case management

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Origins of Case Management Case management originated in the US in the latter half of the twentieth century First developed in the mental health field Case management developed further 1980s (See Marshall, 1996; Holt 2000 and Keetley and Weaver, 2005)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Definitions Case management is difficult to define Need for flexibility Definition depends on the goals of CM and the setting CM is a ‘family of related approaches’ (see Murphy Healy, 1999; Keetley and Weaver, 2005; McNeill, 2009 )

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Aims of Case Management 1)To sustain contact with a client 2)To improve health and social functioning (Keetley and Weaver, 2005) 3)To reduce and prevent re-offending

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Process of Case Management

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Process of Case Management Referral Assessment and engagement Implementation of care plan/service delivery

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Process of Case Management Monitoring Review

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Application of Case Management to Probation Holt (2000) What needs to happen in order to transfer CM to a probation setting? clarify the relationship between goals of the service and the part that the case manager plays in meeting them clarify the theoretical model used identify the main users create an appropriate tool for measuring effectiveness (which focuses on the link between ‘process’ and ‘outcome’)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Models of Case Management In Probation Holt (2000) 4 elements of case management (‘4 C’s’): Consistency Continuity Consolidation Commitment

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Models of case management in probation 3 models of case management: Specialist Generic Hybrid Shared principles: ‘Continuity of contact’ Teamwork Face to face meetings Consideration of contextual factors

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Core Correctional Practice (Dowden and Andrews, 2004) 5 elements: 1. ‘Firm but fair’ approach 2.Modelling and reinforcement to improve pro-social behaviour and cognitive skills 3.Teaching problem solving skills 4.Effective use of community sanctions 5.Relationship factors- need for ‘open, warm and enthusiastic communication’

Barcelona 29 th September 2011

Concerns Fragmentation: due to the separation of case management and interventions and the separation of roles. Concerns about effects this could have on relationships (see Raynor and Maguire, 2006; Robinson, 2005; Faulkner, 2008). Theoretical basis for case management: Discrepancies between case management theory and practice. Concerns over extent to which theory and practice fits in with what works principles (Stanley, 2009)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Concerns Commodification: introduction of a profit motive into probation by contracting private organisations. Possible effects this could have on voluntary organisations and supervisory relationships (see McCulloch and McNeill, 2007; Allen and Hough, 2006; McSweeney and Hough, 2006; Hough, 2006) Staff morale: Holt’s ‘4 C’s’ have not been applied to probation staff (see Robinson and Burnett, 2007; Robinson, 2007)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Suggested improvements Reintroduction of ‘forgotten’ good practice e.g. negotiated consent (Robinson and Raynor, 2006) Craft Model (Hough, 2010) Training: ‘Open, consultative and participatory’ (Gibbs, 1999). Needs to be collaborative and involved team working events (PA Consultancy, MORI, 2005). Importance of thorough training for all members of the probation team (Knight and Stout, 2009) Contestability: Creation of ‘shared enterprise’ (McSweeney & Hough, 2006)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Good Practices for Case Managers Focus on one criminogenic need per session and only brief discussion of conditions (Bonta et al, 2008) Role probation officers could have in helping offenders to rebuild family links.

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Barriers to effective case management High workload Difficult client group with a range of complex needs Lack of political will (see Mills and Codd, 2008; Maguire and Raynor, 2006)

Barcelona 29 th September 2011 Summary Case management has a range of meanings within different settings But the aim should be to sustain contact with client and improve their position And can be achieved through a process of assessment, engagement, planning, implementation, monitoring and review