Safety in Design and Construction: A Lifecycle Approach Design for Construction Safety in the U.S. HARVARD UNIVERSITY T. Michael Toole, PhD, PE Associate Professor Bucknell University John Gambatese, PhD, PE Associate Professor Oregon State University

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Learning Objectives By the end of this session, participants should be able to: Provide several examples of designing for safety Name several large firms who have design for safety programs Identify sources of design for safety tools List several potential barriers to having design for safety performed on your projects Summarize three steps for implementing design for safety in your organization

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Overview Safe Design Examples Tools and Processes Barriers Initiatives Trajectories and Implications Moving forward in your organization

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Ethical Reasons for DfCS National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) Code of Ethics:  Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public. American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Code of Ethics:  Engineers shall recognize that the lives, safety, health and welfare of the general public are dependent upon engineering decisions ….

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Example of the Need for DfCS Design spec:  Dig groundwater monitoring wells at various locations.  Wells located directly under overhead power lines. Accident:  Worker electrocuted when his drill rig got too close to overhead power lines. Engineer could have:  specified wells be dug away from power lines; and/or  better informed the contractor of hazard posed by wells’ proximity to powerlines through the plans, specifications, and bid documents.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Examples: Roofs and Perimeters Skylights Upper story windows Parapet Walls

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Head Knocker at Catwalk Fall Hazard at Catwalk DfCS Examples: Clearances

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Examples: Microchip Fabrication Plant Plan of Record (POR): Trench below sub- fab level New Fab: full basement and taller basement

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Examples: Prefabrication Steel Stairs Concrete Wall Panels Concrete Segmented Bridge

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Prefabrication and Modularization Construction Drives Design Bechtel Solar Boiler URS/WGI USACE Dam URS/WGI Power Plant

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Photos courtesy of URS, Washington Division Modularization at a Power Plant

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Modularization: Module on Ground

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Modularization: Stair Tower

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Detailing Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety  Published by the National Institute for Steel Detailing and the Steel Erectors Association of America Constructability Tips for Steel Design

HARVARD UNIVERSITY The Erector Friendly Column  Include holes in columns at 21” and 42” for guardrail cables and at higher locations for fall protection tie-offs  Locate column splices and connections at reasonable heights above floor  Provide seats for beam connections

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Avoid hanging connections  Design connections to bear on columns

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Avoid awkward and dangerous connection locations

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Avoid tripping hazards

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Eliminate sharp corners

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Provide enough space for making connections

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Know approximate dimensions of necessary tools to make connections

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Checking in: Do we have a good idea of what design for safety is about?

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Process

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Design for Construction Safety Toolbox Created by Construction Industry Institute (CII) Interactive computer program Used in the design phase to decrease the risk of incidents Over 400 design suggestions

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Safety in Design Checklists ItemDescription 1.0Structural Framing 1.1Space slab and mat foundation top reinforcing steel at no more than 6 inches on center each way to provide a safe walking surface. 1.2Design floor perimeter beams and beams above floor openings to support lanyards. 1.3Design steel columns with holes at 21 and 42 inches above the floor level to support guardrail cables. 2.0Accessibility 2.1Provide adequate access to all valves and controls. 2.2Orient equipment and controls so that they do not obstruct walkways and work areas. 2.3Locate shutoff valves and switches in sight of the equipment which they control. 2.4Provide adequate head room for access to equipment, electrical panels, and storage areas. 2.5Design welded connections such that the weld locations can be safely accessed.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Multi-criteria alternative analysis tools

HARVARD UNIVERSITY CHAIR Safety in Design Tool Begin Concept Design Commence Construction CHAIR-2 CHAIR-3 Project Phase CHAIR-1 Review of Concept Design Review of Detailed Design Construction Hazard Assessment and Implication Review (CHAIR) (Source: NSW WorkCover, CHAIR Safety in Design Tool, 2001)

HARVARD UNIVERSITY CHAIR Safety in Design Tool No.Guideword Risk Issue CausesConsequencesSafeguardsAction Person Resp. GENERIC 1.Size 2. Heights / Depths 3. Position / Location 4. Poor Ergonomics 5. Movement / Direction 6. Load / Force 7.Energy Project:Element:Date: Drawing(s):Revision:

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Websites

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Links on OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable NIOSH's PtD Webpage Information about OSHA’s Alliance Program Homepage for the United Kingdom’s Law Requiring Designing for Safety The Actual Text of the UK Law Design Best Practice Australia's Safe Design Webpage Singapore's Workplace Safety & Health Council webpage SaferDesign.org Federal OSHA Standards for Construction Department of Labor Accident Data

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS in Practice: Design-Builders Parsons URS Jacobs Bechtel Photo credit: URS, Washington Div.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY URS/Washington Group Int’l DfCS Process

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Bechtel’s Influence Curves

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Bechtel’s Steel Design Process Temporary access platforms Lifting lugs Shop installed vertical brace ladders Bolt-on column ladders and work platforms

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Temporary ladder, platform and safety line Photos courtesy Bechtel Corp.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Modular Platforms

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Brace Lifting Clips and Rungs

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS in Practice: Owners Southern Co. BHP Billiton USACE Intel

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BHP Billiton Courses

HARVARD UNIVERSITY National Initiatives and Activities NIOSH  PtD National Initiative  PtD Workshops: July 2007 and August 2011  NORA Construction Sector Council CHPtD Workgroup OSHA Construction Alliance Roundtable ASCE-CI PtD Committee (terminated 2009) ASSE PtD Standard Z790

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Checking in: Do you sense that big organizations are pursuing DfCS?

HARVARD UNIVERSITY DfCS Barriers Like many good ideas, DfCS faces a number of barriers that can slow its adoption. Potential solutions to these barriers involve long-term education and institutional changes.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Barrier: Designers' Fear of Liability Barrier: Fear of undeserved liability for worker safety. Potential solutions:  Clearly communicate we are NOT suggesting designers should be held responsible for construction accidents.  Develop revised model contract language  Propose legislation to facilitate DfCS without inappropriately shifting liability onto designers.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Barrier: Increased Designer Costs Barrier: DfCS processes will increase both direct and overhead costs for designers. Potential solution:  Educate owners that total project costs and total project life cycle costs will decrease.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Barrier: Designers' Lack of Safety Expertise Barrier: Few design professionals possess sufficient expertise in construction safety. Potential solutions:  Add safety to design professionals’ curricula.  Develop and promote 10-hour and 30-hour OSHA courses for design professionals.  Utilize IPD to allow for constructor input.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY The Future of DfCS Trajectories in technological innovation (Dosi 1992) Where is DfCS heading?  Five proposed DfCS trajectories  Implications for professions and individual organizations

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Five DfCS Trajectories 1.Increased prefabrication 2.Increased use of less hazardous materials and systems 3.Increased application of construction engineering 4.Increased spatial investigation and consideration 5.Increased collaboration and integration

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Increased Prefabrication Shift site work to safer work site environment  elevation to ground  underground to grade  confined space to open space Shift site work to factory  Allows use of safer, automated equipment  Provides safer, engineered environment

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Increased Collaboration and Integration Communication about risks, costs, time, quality…. Between owner, AE/DB, CM/GC, manufacturers, and trade contractors In every phase of project  concept design  detailed design  procurement  construction

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Implications for Contracting New contract terms needed Design-Bid-Build project delivery method typically hinders collaboration during design Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) methods, such as Design-Build and Design + Negotiated construction, better facilitate collaboration

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Sutter Health IPD Process Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) facilitates collaboration of design and construction professionals during design  Co-located  Processes and norms for candid feedback  Trust  Sufficient time  Life cycle costing criteria  Common success criteria

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Three Steps towards DfCS 1.Establish a lifecycle safety culture 2.Establish enabling processes 3.Team with organizations who value lifecycle safety CultureProcessesPartners

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Establish a Lifecycle Safety Culture Instill the right safety values Secure management commitment Ensure recognition that designing for construction safety is the smart thing to do and the right thing to do 1.Professional Codes of Ethics 2.Payoff data

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Establish Enabling Processes Provide designers with safety training Ensure designer-constructor interaction Provide designers with DfCS tools

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Team with Organizations Who Value Lifecycle Safety Design-Builders less dependent on clients’ safety values International clients favorable Industrial clients favorable Negotiated projects in other sectors offer opportunity to educate clients

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Summary Successful owners and design-builders have implemented DfCS Keys to designing for construction safety:  Collaboration between all project team members  Designers knowledgeable of construction practices, site safety principles and safe designs  Use of DfCS tools and guidelines Three first steps to implementing DfCS  Culture, Processes, Clients

HARVARD UNIVERSITY Are you feeling more comfortable about having design for safety occur in your organization? Thanks for listening!