Three Worlds Meet Native Americans created complex societies spread throughout the continents. Peoples in Europe and Africa developed their own cultures, which they later contributed to American Society

What were the effects of agriculture on the hunting and gathering peoples of the Americas? Made it possible for people to stay in one place and store surplus food

What were some of the achievements of the early civilizations of the Americas? They built great cities and ceremonial centers and developed forms of writing

Early Civilizations of the Americas Dates Location Olmec 1200 BCE to 400BCE along the Gulf of Mexico Maya 250 to 900 Guatemala and the Yucatan Peninsula Aztec 1200s to 1500s Valley of Mexico Inca 1200 western coast of South America Hohokam and Anasazi 300 BCE to 1400 CE Southwest Adena and Hopewell 500 BCE to 400 CE east of Mississippi River Mississippian 600 to 1500

What are some similarities among these early civilizations? They created large architectural structures Many of them built pyramids Or mounds

How might California’s varied landscapes have encouraged diverse ways of life? The people in the north might have dressed differently and developed different hunting techniques than the people of the South

Those living in the Southwest relied mostly on crops In what ways did food production differ among Native American societies? Groups that lived along the coasts were able to rely on the ocean for their food Those living in the Southwest relied mostly on crops Groups in the eastern woodlands mixed hunting and gathering with agriculture

In what ways did trade link Native Americans? It allowed the different groups to interact with one another and enabled them to exchange foods and goods

What similarities and differences existed among Native American social structures? Some societies organized related families into clans, who would live together In societies where people hunted and gathered, groups broke into smaller bands for hunting

Why would trade have helped spread Islam? Muslim traders would have spread their religion along their trade routes

How did the Portuguese sugar plantations affect the course of history? To work the sugar plantations, the Portuguese began importing slaves from the west African mainland. This was the beginning of the European slave trade.

West Africa West Africa’s Climate Zones Desert Rain forests Savanna West Africa’s Major Geographical Features Sahara Desert Atlantic Coastline Niger River Three West African Kingdoms and Their Climate Zones Songhai – savanna and desert Benin – rain forest Kongo – rain forest

How was the government in Benin similar to that of Askia Muhammad? Both were highly organized and used appointed officials to administer districts and control economic activity

Why did political leaders claim authority on the basis of religion? It was the best way to justify their authority

What agricultural skills did West Africans bring to the Americas? Rice and the knowledge of how to cultivate it

Changes in Western Europe Political Rise of centralized states Declining papal authority Economic Growth of commerce Social Renewed missionary calling Population growth Technological Improvements in mapmaking Caravel Compass and astrolabe Cultural Renaissance spirit of adventure and curiosity

The invention of the printing press – it spread ideas Which European events of the late 1400s to early 1500s had the most far-reaching impact on European lives? The reconquista - it set the stage for future Spanish conquest to spread Christianity around the globe The reformation – it caused many people to seek religious freedom in the new world The invention of the printing press – it spread ideas

How did advances in technology open the way for world exploration? Advances in sailing promoted trade and the urge to discover and conquer other lands

Where did Europeans first experiment with the plantation system? In Lebanon during the Crusades and on islands off the coast of Africa during the 1400s

What activities occupied Columbus as he explored the Americas? He began searching for gold and asserting Christian dominance

Timeline of Columbus’s Voyages and Interactions with Native Americans 1492 – Columbus’s first voyage to the Americas 1493 – Columbus’s return trip to the Americas and his conquest of St. Croix despite resistance by Native Americans 1495 – rebellion of the Taino of Hispaniola against the Spanish 1500 – Columbus asked to leave Hispaniola because of his inability to maintain order 1504 – Columbus returns to Spain

Why did European explorers believe they could simply claim lands for their home countries, even though these lands were already populated? Perhaps they believed that because their culture was more sophisticated, they had the right to occupy those lands

In the centuries before Columbus’s voyages, where had Europeans gained experience in colonization? During the Crusades, Italians from Venice had taken over Arab sugar farms in what is now Lebanon By the late 1400s, the Portuguese had established plantation colonies off the coast of West Africa

What were some important long-term consequences of Columbus’s encounters in the Americas? The entrenched pattern of violating human rights in the process of conquering new lands The African slave trade and its tragic outcomes The emergence of various nations in North and South America The permanent altering of the global environments and societies as a result of the Colombian Exchange The multicultural character of the United States