+ Warm-up Take out your homework. Use your knowledge of the founding of the United States to answer the following questions: What is a colony? What geographic factors made India a desirable colony? (Use pp to learn about India’s geography)

+ Create Cornell Notes from a Sheet of Notebook Paper Chapter 11 Section 2.4: Colonialism to Partition Essential Question: How have physical features, religion, and empires shaped South Asia’s borders? Objective: Describe events leading to India’s independence and Partition, and the role of geography in the conflict over Kashmir. Main Idea: Colonialism, independence, and conflict set new national borders in South Asia.

+ Set Up Cornell Notes Continued Vocabulary: Colonialism, civil disobedience, displaced Headings: Colonialism Limits Growth Seeking Independence Partition Create Boundaries Conflict Over Kashmir

+ Colonialism Limits Growth In order to profit from India’s rich natural resources, the British used trade practices that favored Britain. India’s raw materials were shipped to England and India was forced to import British goods Indian manufacturers were prohibited from producing certain goods that Britain made Indians unsuccessfully rebelled against British control in 1857 The East India Company was disbanded in 1858 The British established direct rule over India called the raj. British colonization had lasting effects on the region’s borders

+ Seeking Independence Groups opposed to British rule Hindus form the Indian National Congress (INC) Muslims formed the Muslim League India’s Independence movement grew in the 1930s Lead by lawyer Mohandas Gandhi Gandhi campaigned for civil disobedience, or the nonviolent disobeying of laws, against the British Conflict between Hindus and Muslims Muslims wanted there own land July British Parliament passed the India Independence Act

Hindu refugees crowd a dock in western Pakistan as they prepare to ship out for new homes in Bombay in December After the partition of the Indian subcontinent in August 1947 about 15 million Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs fled from areas where they would be in a minority to areas that they considered safer. A million people may have been killed during this exodus.

Darjeeling is located in northeastern India in the Himalayas at an elevation of about 7,000 feet. The British received Darjeeling from an Indian raja in 1835 and developed it as a rest area for British soldiers. Darjeeling is known for its tea plantations and is now a popular tourist area.

A photo taken in October 1947 in the border city of Amritsar, India shows train cars packed with Muslim refugees fleeing to Pakistan while Hindus fled to India. October marked the beginning of the India-Pakistan War. The conflict and the hostility between Hindus and Muslims arose over Kashmir’s status when Pakistan supported Muslim insurgency there.

+ Seeking Independence Conflict between Hindus and Muslims Muslims wanted there own land July British Parliament passed the India Independence Act India was divide into two countries (Partition) Majority-Hindu India Majority-Muslim Pakistan (East and West) The part of Pakistan known as East Pakistan became Bangladesh in 1971.

+ Conflict Over Kashmir After Partition, India and Pakistan fought over the region Kashmir ceasefire, Kashmir region was divided India  Jammu and Kashmir Pakistan  Gilgit-Baltistan Tension remains along the border Conflict continues over control of water for drinking and irrigation

+ Turn & Talk How did Britain’s trade practices impact India? The English language is a lasting effect of British rule. How might being an English-speaking colony affect India’s future? What country is to the east of Kashmir? How could the nearness of this country complicate the situation in South Asia? (use the map on p. 321)