Iron Deficiency Anemia The #1 nutritional deficiency in the world Olivia Wagner, Brittany Wrasman, Jennifer Werring

What is Iron?  Mineral  Part of many enzymes and used in many cell functions  Part of the protein hemoglobin  Hemoglobin is a protein inside red blood cells that contain iron and transport oxygen

Approximately 3.5 million Americans are affected by anemia It is the most common disorder of the blood

What does Iron do?  Carries oxygen from our lungs throughout our bodies  Helps muscles store and use oxygen

When we don’t have enough Iron..  Normal infant motor function and mental function can be delayed  During pregnancy, can increase risk of preterm babies  Can cause fatigue  May affect memory

Stages leading to Anemia  FIRST: An insufficient supply of iron.  This causes iron stores in the bone marrow to be depleted. This stage generally has no symptoms.  SECOND: Iron deficiencies develop and begin to affect hemoglobin production. (Tests will show low hemoglobin and hematocrit levels.)  THIRD: Hemoglobin production declines to the point where anemia develops.

Signs and Symptoms  Fatigue  Decreased performance  Slow cognitive and social development during childhood  Difficulty maintaining body temperature  Decreased immune function  Increased susceptibility to infection  Glossitis

Causes of Anemia other than inadequate intake

1. Increased Iron Needs  Women who are pregnant  Supplement recommended  Young growing children  People who have lost a significant amount of blood  People who have donated blood

2. Decreased or deficient red blood cell production  Sickle cell anemia an inherited disorder which causes the red blood cells to have a crescent shape. The red blood cells break down rapidly, before sufficient oxygen and nutrients can reach vital organs.

3. Excessive Red Blood Cell Destruction Hemolysis : anemia caused by excessive red blood cell destruction  If the bone marrow cannot keep up with the needed red cell production, the red blood cell count will start to fall, leading to hemolysis

Iron Deficiency Globally 2 billion people over 30% of the worlds population are anemic

In developing countries.. Every second pregnant woman and about 40% of pre- school children are estimated to be anemic  Anemia is frequented by wide spread of infectious disease  Malaria  HIV/AIDS  Hookworm infestation  Schistosomiasis  Tuberculosis

In developing countries… Iron deficiency reduces the work capacity of individuals and entire populations Leading to..  Economic consequences  Obstacles to national development

How can you detect a deficiency?  Complete blood count  To look at the number and volume of the red blood cells  Hematocrit test  Measures the percentage of the red blood cells in the body by volume  Hemoglobin test  Measures the amount of hemoglobin which is a protein that carries oxygen

Sources of Iron Food Standard AmountIron (mg) Fortified Dry cereals, about 1 oz23.8 Soybeans, mature, cooked ½ cup4.4 Pumpkin seeds, roasted, 1 oz4.2 White beans, canned, ½ cup3.9 Spinach, cooked from fresh ½ cup3.2 Beef, chuck, blade roast, cooked 3 oz3.1 Prune Juice, ¾ cup2.3 Shrimp, 3 oz2.3 Tomato puree, ½ cup2.2 Tomato paste ½ cup2.0

Absorption Aid:Vitamin C Food Standard AmountVitamin C (mg) Guava, raw, ½ cup188 Orange, raw 1 medium70 Orange Juice ¾ cup61 to 93 Grapefruit Juice, ¾ cup50 to 70 Brussels Sprouts, cooked ½ cup48 Sweet Potato ½ cup34 Tomato juice, ¾ cup33 Pinapple, raw ½ cup18 Kale, cooke ½ cup27

Absorption Inhibitors Polyphenols and Phytates coffee and tea lessen the absorption of iron in plant foods by up to 70 percent. vegetarian diet: avoid drinking coffee or tea within an hour-and-a-half of eating iron-rich foods.

Resources  s/iron.html s/iron.html  ml ml  p p

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