Issues in Extra-Regional Migration Elizabeth Thomas-Hope Caribbean Forum on International Migration and Development Georgetown, Guyana 8-9 July 2013.

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Presentation transcript:

Issues in Extra-Regional Migration Elizabeth Thomas-Hope Caribbean Forum on International Migration and Development Georgetown, Guyana 8-9 July 2013

Some Critical elements of the current migration pattern in terms of development Emigration (long term) declining trend, except for high skilled/tertiary educated persons Relatively low levels of voluntary return High levels of remittances High levels of deportation back to the Caribbean Immigration is dominated by short stay (except regional to Trinidad &Tobago, Antigua &Barbuda and Barbados)

Migration Rates for Selected Caribbean Countries (2001)

Jamaica: Extra-Regional Emigration by Decade 1970s-2000s

Jamaica: Labour Emigrants by types of employment to Canada and the United States 2000 – 2010

HIGH OUT-MIGRATION OF TRAINED PERSONS Of the world’s top 21 countries for emigration per capita... 9 are members of CARICOM

Emigration of Tertiary Educated Of the World’s Top 24 Countries for presence of Tertiary Educated in OECD countries are CARICOM States

Factors Conditioning the Selection of Migration Destinations Selective immigration policies at the destinations Social capital chiefly through existing networks of friends and family

Jamaica: Households Receiving Remittances by Quintile

Remittances as a percentage of GDP (2009)

Caribbean: Immigrants as a percentage of population (2002)

Selected Countries Total Population Total Immigrants Immigrants as percentage of total population Antigua & Barbuda76,89623, Belize240,20434, Guyana741,7729, Jamaica 2,607,632 25, Montserrat4, St. Kitts & Nevis42,1976, St. Lucia157,490 5, Numbers of Immigrants Relative to the Total Populations of CARICOM Member States (2002)

Selected Countries Total Immigrants CARICOM nationals as a percentage of Immigrants Non-CARICOM nationals as a percentage of Immigrants Antigua & Barbuda23, Belize34, Guyana9, Jamaica25, Montserrat St. Kitts-Nevis6, St. Lucia5, CARICOM and non-CARICOM Nationals in the Immigrant Populations of Select CSME Member States (2002)

Advantages and Disadvantages of skilled migration The Up-Side Freedom to choose life options Enhancement of human capital Maintaining open systems Expanding environments Expanded Opportunities for Trade in Goods and Services Immigrants stimulate economic growth Remittances & alleviation of poverty

The Down-Side Net losses of human capital for development or maintenance of essential services in some states Erodes the training & replacement capacity Recruitment creates “migration shocks” Short-term alleviation of economic, social and political stress but how should migration of highly skilled/educated be treated in terms of strategic medium term development planning?

Development options relating to migration Build capacities for Managing Migration of highly skilled/educated Return Migration The Diaspora & social remittances Immigration Focus on creating an enabling environment