 Shutter controls exposure of the film to light by opening and closing at various speeds.  Focal-plane shutter is built into the camera body at the point directly in front of the film.

 Leaf shutters are located within the lens and consists of several small, overlapping spring- powered metal blades.

 Aperture also controls the exposure of the film to light.  The aperture fixes the size of the lens opening.  Larger aperture sizes allow more light through the lens.  Smaller aperture sizes allow less light in.  Measured in f-stops.

 A lens is a single element, a solid piece of curved glass.  The lens sorts out various light rays, focuses them, and directs them to reproduce the subject accurately on film.

 Three formats of film:  35 mm film  Medium-format roll film  Sheets of film ( 4x5 inches and larger) Primary difference between film formats is the size of the negative.

 Strips of film are 35 mm wide and 2-3 feet long  Packaged inside a cassette, which is held inside the camera.  A pressure plate holds the film flat against the back of the camera.

 Viewfinder/Rangefinder Cameras  View through eyepiece with simple lens  Parallax error: viewfinder isn’t in same position as camera lens, so view is slightly different

 Twin-Lens Reflex Cameras  One lens to film, the other mirrored to eye  Image focused on ground glass

 View Cameras  Direct viewing: ground glass is exactly where the film will be  Large-format  Usually uses sheet film

 Single-Lens Reflex Cameras  View the actual image that will fall on the film  Image focused on ground glass