Introduction to Medical Terminology Concorde career college, Portland ST110

Objectives List the three basic word components. Identify and define word roots. Recite and apply the rules for combining multiple roots into a compound word.

Objectives Identify word parts and their role in forming medical terms Analyze unfamiliar terms Define commonly used prefixes, word roots, combining forms, and suffixes

Objectives Pronounce medical terms correctly Recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly Correctly use abbreviations Recognize, define, spell, and pronounce medical terms

Word Components Important Terms: Anatomy Physiology Pathophysiology The study of the structure or morphology of the body and how the body parts are organized Physiology The study of the functions of body parts, what they do and how they do it. Pathophysiology The study of the diseases of the body.

Word Parts Four Types Word Roots- The foundation of medical terms. Usually describes part of the body Combining Forms- /o Prefixes- Beginning of the word Suffixes- Added to the end of a complete word

Word Components Word Roots The basic foundation of a word to which components are added Use the word derm, dermat, derma Add/Subtract components to form larger words Hypodermic Dermatologist Dermabrasion

Word Root Usually describe body part involved heminephroplasty May also indicate color Examples: cyan/o, erythr/o cyanosis erythrocyte My/o - _______ Poli/o ________

Word Components Combining Form When a word root is combined with a vowel Helps in pronunciation so the word will flow Most of the time the vowel is an “o”, but sometimes “i” Dermatology Dermatoplasty

Prefixes Added to beginning of word Usually indicates location, time, or number heminephroplasty Some can be similar in spelling, but opposite in meaning

Prefixes Pre- Dys- Peri- Anti- Post- Ab- Dys- Hyper- Hypo- Brady- Tachy- Pre- before Peri- surrounding Post- after Ab- away from Dys- bad, difficult, painful Hyper- excessive, increased Hypo- deficient, decreased

Suffixes Added to the end of a word root Usually indicates procedure, condition, disorder or disease tonsillitis tonsillectomy Can mean pertaining to, abnormal condition Also used as a noun, to indicate pathology, or relate to the type of procedure

Suffixes Can be used as noun endings Name of person, place or thing In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into a noun. EX. Cranium Crani- skull Um- Single noun ending Appendix A

Suffixes “Pertaining to” Adjective- describes or defines a thing In medical terminology, suffixes can change the word root into an adjective EX. Cardiac Cardi – Heart Ac- pertaining to

Suffixes Abnormal condition or disease EX gastrosis Gastro- Stomach Osis- Abnormal Condition or disease

Suffixes Related to pathology Study of all aspects of diseases. Path - Disease Ology – Abnormal Condition or disease Describe specific disease conditions Gastralgia Gastr - Stomach Algia – Pain and Suffering

Suffixes -osis: -ac: -algia: -itis: -malacia: -necrosis: -stenosis: Common Medical Common Surgical -osis: -ac: -algia: -itis: -malacia: -necrosis: -stenosis: -otomy -ectomy -plasty -ostomy - rrhaphy -pexy -lysis -scopy -graphy -desis -osis: abnormal condition -ac: pertaining to -algia: pain and suffering -itis: inflammation -malacia: abnormal softening -necrosis: tissue death -stenosis: abnormal narrowing -otomy – cutting, surgical incision -ectomy – surgical removal; cutting out; excision -plasty – surgical repair; reconstruction -ostomy – surgically creating an opening for temp or perm drainage - Rrhaphy – surgical suturing -pexy – surgical fixation -lysis – breakdown; separation; setting free; destruction; loosening -scopy – visual examination -graphy – the process of producing a picture or record -desis – surgical fixation of a bone or joint; to bind; to tie together

“Double R” Suffixes rrhage - ____________ rraphy - ____________ rrhea - ____________ rrhexis - ____________ -rrhage - bleeding -rrhaphy – surgical suturing -rrhea – flow or discharge -rrhexis - rupture

How Can I Determine the Meaning of a Word Just by Looking At It? Take the term apart Guess Use a medical dictionary Use additional resources Resources – internet, iPhone app, textbook, etc.

Word Structure Rules A prefix is placed at the beginning of the word (always) Anuria Endocardium A suffix is placed at the end of the word root (always) Cardiology Carditis More than one word root in a word creates the need for combining vowels to connect the roots. This creates combining forms used in compound words. Hematologist Cytology

Word Structure Rules Compound words are usually composed in this order: combining form + word root + suffix -leuk/o/cyt/osis Defining a medical word usually begins with defining the suffix first and continuing to read backwords through the word as you define it. Cardiomegaly

Word Structure Rules When a medical word has a prefix, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, the prefix second and the root(s) last. When a medical word identifies body systems or parts, the definition of the word usually begins with defining the suffix first, then defining the organs in the order in which they are studied in the particular body system.

Using a Medical Dictionary Spelling If you don’t know how to spell the word, sound it out and write it down If that doesn’t work, look for alternative spellings based on the beginning sound

Spelling ACCURACY is extremely important Changing just one or two letters can change the entire meaning of a word Example: “ileum” is a part of the small intestine, and “ilium” is part of the hip bone

nephrectomy root suffix nephr/ectomy kidney/surgical removal of The surgical removal of the a kidney

kidney/surgical repair Surgical repair of a kidney nephroplasty root cv suffix nephr/o/plasty kidney/surgical repair Surgical repair of a kidney Cv = combining vowel

stomach / small intestine /inflammation of gastroenteritis root cv root suffix gastr/o/enter/itis stomach / small intestine /inflammation of Inflammation of the stomach & small intestine

Singulars and Plurals There are unusual rules for changing a singular word into a plural one The rules are foreign to us because most medical terms are of Greek or Latin origins

The Rules If a word ends in “a”, the plural will have an “e” added. Ex. Bursa to bursae If it ends in “ex” or “ix”, change it to “ices” Ex. Appendix becomes appendices If the term ends in “um”, change it to an “a” Ex. Ovum changes to ova See table 1.9 (MTHP) for the others pg. 13 MTHP = Medical Terminology for Health Professionals, 7th Edition

Don’t Panic!!!! All of these rules may seem overwhelming, but they will soon become second nature If in doubt, look for the plural form in a medical dictionary

Abbreviations Frequently used as a short-hand method of writing long and complex words or phrases Some can be confusing, so watch out! Example: BE means “below elbow” and “barium enema” A patient would be UPSET if these two terms were confused!

Basic Terms Sign Symptom Syndrome Diagnosis Prognosis Acute Chronic remission

What are the four types of word parts? Review What are the four types of word parts?

What are the four types of word parts? Review What are the four types of word parts? Word roots, combining forms, suffixes, prefixes

Review What does a word root usually describe?

Review The body part involved What does a word root usually describe? Or color

Review Where is a suffix added to a word?

Review Where is a suffix added to a word? At the end of a root word

Review What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes?

Review -rrhaphy, -rrhage, -rrhea, -rrhexis What are some examples of “Double R” suffixes? -rrhaphy, -rrhage, -rrhea, -rrhexis

Review What part of the root word are prefixes added to?

Review The beginning of the word What part of the root word are prefixes added to? The beginning of the word

Review Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term?

Review Is accuracy important when spelling a medical term? ABSOLUTELY!!!

Review What are some examples of basic medical terms?

Review What are some examples of basic medical terms? Sign, symptom, syndrome, acute, chronic…

Introduction to Medical Terminology: Prefixes Concorde career college, Portland ST110

Objectives Identify and define prefixes Recite and apply the rules for combining a prefix to a root word

Prefixes Prefixes are attached directly to the beginning of a word Endocardium Dysuria The meaning of a prefix will not change from word to word A-always means absence of Bi-always means two or double

Prefixes that Express Numbers- indicate one, two or three or single, half, double Bi- Hemi- Milli- Mono- Nulli- Primi- Quadri- Semi- Tetra- Tri- Uni-

Prefixes that Express Measurement- indicate quantity or excessive or below conditions Hyper- Hyp- Hypo- Multi- Poly-

Prefixes that Express Position and/or Direction- describe a location Ab- Ad- Ambi- Ante- Circum- De- Dia- Ecto- Endo- Epi- Ex- Extra- Hypo- In- Infra- Inter-

Position/Direction Continued Intra- Juxta- Meso- Para- Peri- Pre- Pro- Retro- Sub- Supra- Trans-

Prefixes and Combining Forms to Express Color- colors of reactions, infections, body fluids Alb- Albin/o Chlor/o Cirrh/o Cyan/o Eosin/o Erythr/o Glauc/o Jaund/o Leuk/o Melan/o Poli/o Purpur/o Rube- Xanth/o

Prefixes to Express Negatives- not, without, lack of or against An- Ana- Anti- Contra- Dis- Im- In- Non-

Introduction to Medical Terminology: Suffixes & Pleural Concorde Career College, Portland ST110

Objectives Identify and define suffixes Recite and apply the rules for combining a suffix to a root word Recite and apply the rules for changing from singular to plural word forms

Objectives Demonstrate word-building skills by effectively using accurate written and verbal communication Identify abbreviations for medical terms Identify and define medical specialties and specialists by recognizing the basic word components

Objectives Identify and define medical conditions by recognizing the basic word components Identify and define diagnostic and surgical procedures and the instruments used by recognizing the basic word components

Suffix Rules When a suffix begins with a consonant, a combining vowel is used with the word root that attaches to the suffix Example- abdominopelvic abdomin + o +pelv(ic)

Suffix Rules When a suffix begins with a vowel, the word root attaches directly to the suffix without the aid of a combining vowel Example- dorsal dors + al

Suffix Rules When defining a medical term, begin the definition by defining the suffix first Example- gastritis

Plural Words-changing from singular to plural Change the –a to –ae pleura pleurae vertebra vertebrae ampulla ampullae

Plural Words Change the –ax to –aces thorax thoraces

Plural Words Change the –is to –es crisis crises diagnosis diagnoses prognosis prognoses

Plural Words Change –ix, -ex, -yx to –ices appendix appendices index indices coccyx coccices

Plural Words Change the –on to –a ganglion ganglia phenomenon phenomena

Plural Words Change the –um to –a bacterium bacteria datum data epithelium epithelia

Plural Words Change the –us to –i thrombus thrombi bronchus bronchi coccus cocci

Plural Words Change the –ma to –mata stoma stomata fibroma fibromata sarcoma sarcomata

Noun Suffixes These suffixes make a word into a noun (person, place or thing) -a -ate -e -emia -er -esis -e -ia -iatry -ion -ism -ist -ole -osis -tion -ula -ule -um -us -y

Adjective Suffixes These describe the word root they are attached to. (The red chair.) -ac -al -ar -ary -eal -ic -ical -ile -oid -ory -ous -tic

Specialties and Specialists These are the most common -ician -iatrics -iatry -iatrist -ian -ist -logist -logy

Instruments and Procedures Performed in a medical office, out-patient or hospital -centesis -clasis -desis -ectomy -gram -graph -graphy -ize -lysis -meter -metry -pexy -plasty -rrhaphy -scope -scopy -stomy -tomy -tripsy