Investments: Analysis and Behavior Chapter 17- Global Investing ©2008 McGraw-Hill/Irwin

Learning Objectives Know the benefits of international diversification Understand the risks of international investing Track developed and emerging markets Recognize the home bias Be able to utilize the different tools of international investing

Global investing benefits Global stock market moves differently from domestic markets Some international markets grow much faster than domestic markets Global diversification: potential to cushion investor portfolios from downward fluctuations in domestic markets Adding foreign stocks to portfolio may enhance total returns while reducing overall volatility.

Gross Domestic Product and GDP Growth in the Largest Economies Around the World Annualized GDP % Growth Country $ billions 1980-90 1990-2003 United States 10,949 3.5 3.3 Japan 4,301 4.1 1.2 Germany 2,403 2.3 1.5 United Kingdom 1,795 3.2 2.7 France 1,758 2.4 1.9 Italy 1,468 2.5 1.6 China 1,417 10.3 9.6 Canada 857 Spain 839 3.1 2.8 Mexico 626 1.1 3.0 South Korea 605 8.9 5.5 India 601 5.7 5.9 Australia 522 3.4 3.8 Netherlands 512 Brazil 492 2.6 Russia 433 . -1.8 Switzerland 320 2.0 Belgium 302 2.1 Sweden Austria 253 Average 1,538 3.6 2.9 Source: 2005 Word Development Indicators, World Bank

Tracking global markets Global market indices available for investors Problem: local indexes are computed in the local currency, using different computing methods Morgan Stanley Capital International Inc provides consistent information for global market

Morgan Stanley Capital International Apply the same company selection criteria and calculation methodology across all markets Provide individual country coverage, regional and composite indexes for developed markets, emerging markets and all countries by region Use full market capitalization weights (Price x number of outstanding shares)

Table 17.3 MSCI Global Indices Developed Markets - INTERNATIONAL INDICES Emerging Markets - INTERNATIONAL INDICES EAFE EM (EMERGING MARKETS) EMU EM ASIA EURO EM EASTERN EUROPE EUROPE EM EMEA FAR EAST EM EUROPE G7 INDEX EM EUROPE & MIDDLE EAST NORDIC COUNTRIES EM ex ASIA NORTH AMERICA EM FAR EAST PACIFIC EM LATIN AMERICA PAN-EURO THE WORLD INDEX Developed Markets - SPECIAL AREAS EAFE + CANADA EAFE ex UK EASEA INDEX (EAFE ex JAPAN) EUROPE ex EMU EUROPE ex SWITZERLAND EUROPE ex UK KOKUSAI INDEX (WORLD ex JAPAN) PACIFIC ex JAPAN WORLD ex AUSTRALIA WORLD ex EMU WORLD ex EUROPE WORLD ex UK WORLD ex USA

Developed Markets Emerging Markets AUSTRALIA AUSTRIA BELGIUM CANADA DENMARK FINLAND FRANCE GERMANY GREECE HONG KONG IRELAND ITALY JAPAN NETHERLANDS NEW ZEALAND NORWAY PORTUGAL SINGAPORE SINGAPORE FREE SPAIN SWEDEN SWITZERLAND UNITED KINGDOM USA Emerging Markets ARGENTINA BRAZIL CHILE CHINA COLOMBIA CZECH REPUBLIC EGYPT HUNGARY INDIA INDONESIA ISRAEL JORDAN KOREA MALAYSIA MEXICO MOROCCO PAKISTAN PERU PHILIPPINES POLAND RUSSIA SOUTH AFRICA SRI LANKA TAIWAN THAILAND TURKEY VENEZUELA Source: www.msci.com

Developed and Emerging markets Developed markets: Securities markets in countries with advanced economics Emerging markets: Securities markets in countries with rapidly evolving economics Problems with investing in emerging markets: amount of investable assets available much of the equity in emerging markets is not available to international investors MSCI designates free index and non-free index.

Figure 17.5 The U.S., U.K., and Japan Are Dominate Developed Markets; Korea, South Africa, and Taiwan are Major Emerging Markets

Countries vs. sectors Diversifying globally is especially useful when countries have segmented markets Alternative to country diversification: global sector diversification MSCI developed the All Country Sector Indices using Global Industry Classification Standard (GICS) system ETF iShares available in global sectors

Global Investing Risks Market volatility Investing in foreign market involves much higher market volatility Above average gain, above average loss On average, foreign markets have tended to under perform the U.S market while displaying a higher level of return

Table 17.4 Annual Returns in Foreign Markets Are More Volatile Than in the US DJ Wilshire MSCI Year 5000 EAFE Emerging Markets 1988 18.0% 28.6% 34.9% 1989 29.1% 10.8% 59.2% 1990 -6.2% -23.3% -13.8% 1991 34.3% 12.5% 56.0% 1992 9.0% -11.8% 9.1% 1993 11.2% 32.9% 71.3% 1994 -0.1% 8.1% -8.7% 1995 36.4% 11.6% -6.9% 1996 21.3% 6.4% 3.9% 1997 31.3% 2.1% -13.4% 1998 23.4% 20.3% -27.5% 1999 23.6% 25.3% 63.7% 2000 -10.9% -15.2% -31.8% 2001 -11.0% -22.6% -4.9% 2002 -20.9% -17.5% -8.0% 2003 31.6% 35.3% 51.6% 2004 17.6% 22.5% 2005 10.9% 30.3% Mean 11.9% 5.7% 10.5% S.D. 17.4% 18.6% 33.4% Data sources: http://www.vanguard.com and http://www.msci.com.

Liquidity risk Emerging markets often permit foreigners to buy only specific classes of shares for certain companies. Scarcity of investment opportunity, thin volume, high premium Higher market impact cost (costs tied to changing market bid and ask prices) Especially high in emerging markets (brokerage commissions, exchange fees, currency translation costs, custodial fees higher in emerging markets)

Political risk Currency risk Loss potential tied to government stemming from coups, assassinations, or civil unrest. Government policy risk: lookout for policy changes Expropriation risk: government confiscation of assets Currency risk Value of US dollar and all other currencies fluctuate Strong dollar: increase in the amount of foreign currency per 1 US dollar Weak dollar: decrease in the amount of foreign currency per 1 US dollar

Home bias Despite the advantage of international investing, most investors commit very little of their investment portfolio to global equities Home bias Investors believe things they are familiar with are better than things they are not familiar with (familiarity bias)

Global investment opportunities Buy multinational companies: exposure to international market, reduce the impact of home bias. (Ex. Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart, Toyota..) Ways to gain global diversification Buy stocks in companies with corporate headquarters in foreign countries Buy stocks of multinational corporations that have globally diverse business operation

American Depository Receipts (ADRs) Negotiable instruments that represent ownership in the equity securities of a non-US company Issued by US commercial banks Each ADR shares traded on US exchange is backed by specific number of foreign shares held by a custodian bank ADR ratio: number of underlying shares represented by each ADR Level I ADRs: issuers are not initially seeking to raise capital in US Level II ADRs: no immediate financing needs, listed on US Level III ADRs: issuer floats a public offering in US and obtain listing on major US exchange.

International Bonds Domestic Bonds: Borrowers issuing bonds in their local market. Foreign Bonds: Borrowers from another country issue bonds in your country, denominated in your currency Yankee bonds Samurai bonds Bulldog bonds

Global mutual funds International stock and bond mutual fund: cost efficient means of investing in global markets Emerging market’s fund: invest in stocks of companies based in developing countries Global equity fund (or world equity fund): a mutual fund that invests in US and foreign stocks International equity fund (foreign fund): invest in the equity of the companies outside the US. Generally prohibited from investing in US equities Foreign regional fund: an international fund investing in particular geographical region (Europe, Pacific Basin) Single country fund: invest in a sole foreign country (Hong Kong, Mexico, Italy). Closed-end fund, extremely risky.

International iShares Barclays Global Investors: leader in Index shares (iShares) International iShares: track market movements around the world. Most popular international iShares based on well-known MSCI indexes. Good options for international exposure in an easy and cost effective way