Nerve Cells The Neuron.

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Human Anatomy & Physiology NERVOUS SYSTEM

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Presentation transcript:

Nerve Cells The Neuron

Fun facts about neurons Most specialized cell in animals Longest cell: blue whale neuron 10-30 meters giraffe axon 5 meters human neuron 1-2 meters Nervous system allows for 1 millisecond response time

3 parts of a Neuron Dendrite – branched end that extends out from the cell, provides a large surface area to receive nervous information Cell Body – control center, regular cell organelles (nucleus etc) Axon – long thin fiber, extends out from cell body, carries action potential from cell body -ending are called synaptic terminals

Nervous system cells Neuron Structure and function a nerve cell signal direction dendrites cell body Structure and function many entry points for signal one path out transmits signal axon signal direction synapse dendrite  cell body  axon

3 Types of Neurons Motor – connects to a muscle or gland Sensory – receives a stimulus Interneuron – connects the above 2

Myelin Sheath -Myelin Sheath covers some axons

Myelin Sheath -Formed by a type of neuroglia called Schwann cells

Myelin Sheath -Schwann cells contain a lipid called myelin in cell membrane -Schwann cells wrap around axon many times Nodes of Ranvier- gaps between Myelin sheaths

Reflex Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli

Reflex arc Direct nervous message from a sensory neuron to inter-neuron to a motor neuron to an effector (a muscle or a gland) Video

Reflex Arc A motor, sensory and inter neuron form a reflex arc Begins with a stimulus causing an impulse in the sensory receptors of a sensory neuron. The impulse then continues on through the dendrite, cell body and axon of a sensory neuron (DCA).

The impulse passes to the interneuron, passing through dendrite, cell body and axon (DCA). The impulse passes onto the motor neuron, passing through the dendrite, cell body, and axon (DCA). This causes a response in an effector (a muscle or a gland)

Reflex Arc

Reflex Arc

Nerves Combination of nerve cell fibers Sensory dendrites and motor axons

Summary Neuron Types Sensory Neuron Interneuron Motor Structure Long dendrite Short axon Short dendrite Long axon Function Conduct impulse to cord Interconnect sensory neurons with motor neurons Conduct impulse to effector (muscle/ gland) Location Cell body/ dendrite outside spinal cord Cell body- dorsal root Entirely within CNS Cell body/ dendrites in spinal cord Axon outside spinal cord

Synapses/ synaptic gap Synapse- region of close proximity Synaptic gap- Space between a neuron (axon terminal) and the next cell The next cell could be another neuron or an effector (muscle/ gland) Space between must be bridged by neurotransmitters More on neurotransmission and nerve impulses tomorrow!

Synapse