A New Vision The Turn of the Century

The Turn of the Century Most distinctive and stimulation moment in architectural history – Architectural theories and slogans were formulated – Extraordinary masterpieces in architecture changed the shape of towns and cities – Cities in Europe and America grew – Sophisticated technologies were developed rapidly Music and visual arts were as lively as ever

The Great War World War I broke out in Europe Growing self-confidence in the capability and resources of America

Chicago 1880s-90s Architectural revolution – Chicago School – Henry Hobson Richardson Worked for Labrouste in Paris Returned to America after the civil war Started his architectural practice by winning a design competition in 1866 Henri Labrouste

Marshall Field Warehouse Chicago USA Henry Hobson Richardson Model for new generation of Chicago architects Richardson’s personal heavy style

Crane Library Quincy Massachusetts USA Henry Hobson Richardson Crane Library, one of Richardson’s most celebrated projects, is also among his simplest and smallest public buildings. The library proves that even the bold, masculine Richardsonian Romanesque style can seem quiet and contemplative Design is informal Skillful combination of mass and line with heavy details

Crane Library Quincy Massachusetts USA Henry Hobson Richardson

Chicago Fire 1871 Destroyed the city of Chicago including the cast iron buildings which were not fireproofed Gave the opportunity and challenge for architects to design buildings which dispensed of historical styles – This set the scene for the Modern movement in architecture

1 st Definitive Skyscraper Home Insurance Building, Chicago William le Baron Jenney Fireproof construction Metal frame clad in brick masonry Traditional detailing in its exterior is evident

Architectural Firms Skyscraper projects were taken on by architectural firms – Burnham and Root – Holabird and Roche – Adler and Sullivan These firms effectively established the Chicago School and essential outlines of the twentieth century commercial architecture

Elevator Invented in 1852 Made widely available by Siemen’s invention of the electric elevator in 1880 Outstanding among the early skycrapers in Chicago were the – Monadnock Building designed by Burnham & Root Solid masonry construction – The Reliance Building also designed by Burnham & Root Metal Frame Construction

Monadnock Building Construction start: 1889 Construction finish: 1891 Designed by: Burnham & Root Renovated: 1893 by Holabird & Roche Type: Skyscraper Stories: 17 Maximum Height: 197 feet / 60 meters

The Reliance Building Chicago Burnham and Root

Louis Sullivan One of the most cultivated of all American architects Most intense and logical architect of his generation His designs became the prototype for countless 20 th century offices and department stores Guaranty Building Exterior View and detail Chicago Louis Sullivan

Louis Sullivan Sullivan’s principle, inherited from 19 th century theorists, that ‘form follows function’ became a slogan for many years to come Carson Pirie Scott Chicago Louis Sullivan,

Principal Materials Steel, which was pioneered in Britain and brought into general use in America Reinforced concrete, which was developed in France – By 1892 Francois Hennebique perfected a system for the best location of steel reinforcement in concrete – The combination of the compressive strength of concrete and the tensile strength of steel was one of the turning points in architectural history

Saint Jean de Montmartre Church Paris Anatole de Baudot Reinforced Concrete Construction Anatole de Baudot was a pupil of Viollet-le-Duc Followed his master’s ideal of using modern technology to develop further traditional structural principles Starting from Neo Gothic to Neo- classical He reduced the traditional forms in the classical styles to its essentials Elimination of unnecessary details and expression of structure are basic in understanding modern architecture

25bis Rue Franklin Paris, France 1903 Auguste Perret

Auguste Perret He realized that the eight-storey frame made load-bearing walls unnecessary – The building could have an open space inside – Placed cladding on the frame with decorated tiles with flower motif – Structural elements are freely expressed, razor- sharp and deeply modelled to give a well-defined vertical movement to the building

Notre Dame du Raincy Auguste Perret Raincy, France Exterior

Notre Dame du Raincy Auguste Perret Raincy, France Segmental vaults of in situ reinforced concrete were elegantly supported on a few slender shafts New light and airy space was encircled by non- load-bearing screen walls of pre-cast concrete units filled with coloured glass

Art Nouveau The French delight in decorative detail led to the creation of a new kind of expressive space – Art Nouveau Whiplash of line Abstracted biological and botanical decoration Asymmetry and a wide repertoire of materials Hector Guimard, Paris Metro entrance

Staircase and Entrance Hotel Tassel Brussels Victor Horta

Hotel Tassel Brussels Victor Horta

Sagrada Familia Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi Modernismo

Sagrada Familia Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi Art Nouveau in Spain was known as Modernismo In Sagrada Familia, Antonio Gaudi took over a new Gothic design by another architect and transformed it into a huge cathedral The Nativity façade was completed during his lifetime Over 107 metres high Finished at the top with finials of glass, ceramic and tile

Casa Batllo Barcelona Spain Antonio Gaudi House of Bones Structural members are bone-like in shape

Casa Mila Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Used parabolic arches and has an amazing multi- leveled roofscape

Casa Mila Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Interior has no right angles Used parabolic arches

Santa Coloma de Cervello Crypt Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Elaboration of natural forms No buttresses are necessary, as in Gothic structures, as the structural members are at the correct angle and slope to resist the load

Santa Coloma de Cervello Barcelona, Spain Antonio Gaudi Favorite shapes: Paraboloid, Hyperboloid and Helicoid Shapes found in nature

William Morris Major figure in the promotion of the Arts and Craft movement in the second half of the nineteenth century He saw the style as a social programme as much as it is an artistic style

Red House Bexley Heath London Philip Webb Medieval in style but contemporary in its frank expression of materials Made of brick and tile, sparse in detail, substantial in construction and homely in appearance Precursor of the functional architecture of the modern movement

Viceroy’s House for the new capital of India New Delhi India Sir Edwin Lutyens

The materials are used in a natural way and frankly expressed He made access and entry to his houses an adventure filled with surprises through changes in directions before entering the main room

Glasgow School of Arts, Library 1907 Charles Rennie Mackintosh Used verticals, horizontals and gentle curves in timber to work out a richly decorative space defined and shaped by columns, beams, cover plates and hanging frets All architectural details were his own design

Majolica House 1898 Vienna Otto Wagner Majolica House Plain, dignified and finely proportioned The decorative majolica spreads right across the upper four floors in coloured tiles

s Town Hall Stockholm Ragnar Ostberg

Robie House Chicago Frank Lloyd Wright

Martin House 1904 Buffalo Frank Lloyd Wright

Falling Water Pennsylvania Frank Lloyd Wright

Taliesin West Arizona Frank Lloyd Wright