Sub-Saharan Africa

Purpose To provide the class an understanding of the interrelation between the historical, political, and economic issues of Sub-Saharan Africa with emphasis on Nigeria, South Africa, and Ghana.

Sub-Saharan Africa Agenda Sub-Saharan Africa History Regions and Regional Powers The Problem(s) Definitions Comparative indices The Plan Over the Horizon Conclusion Questions

Sub-Saharan Africa The Bridge

Sub-Saharan Africa References Ayittey, George Africa in Chaos Van de Walle, Nicholas African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis Nafziger, E. Wayne African Capitalism htmlhttp:// html

Sub-Saharan Africa 48 countries Four times size of USA 770 million people 50 % of world’s gold 40 % of world’s potential hydro- electric power supply

Sub-Saharan Africa 19 countries Six month military college Humanitarian projects Lifelong friends

Sub-Saharan Africa Colonial History Anchor States South Africa Nigeria Kenya Ethiopia

Sub-Saharan Africa Nigeria 123 million Africa’s largest domestic market GDP $36 billion Exports: oil (98.4%), cocoa, rubber 250 Ethnic groups

Sub-Saharan Africa South Africa 42 million GDP $126 billion Unemployment 23.3% World’s largest producer of gold and platinum Agriculture and mining 9.7% of GDP Africans 78% of population Whites 10% of population Apartheid abolished in 1991

Sub-Saharan Africa Ghana 17 million GDP $5.2 billion Inflation 23.6% Exports cocoa, aluminum, gold Renewed political stability Key player in UN military missions

Sub-Saharan Africa African Union Sub-Regional Organizations

Sub-Saharan Africa African Union (AU) 53 members Accelerating the process of integration in the global economy Address multifaceted social, economic and political problems Includes Court of Justice, African Bank, Pan-African Parliament

Sub-Saharan Africa Southern African Development Community (SADC) 14 members

Sub-Saharan Africa Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 16 members Seeks to eliminate tariffs and other obstructions to trade among member states Establish a common external tariff Seeks to create a single monetary zone Military monitoring group (ECOMOG)

Sub-Saharan Africa Community of Sahel- Saharan States (CENSAD) 18 members Strengthen peace, security, stability, achieve global economic and social development Promote free movement of persons, capital and interests to Member states

Sub-Saharan Africa Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) 21 members main focus is on the formation of a large economic and trading unit Established a free trade area, that removes all internal trade tariffs and barriers Introducing a common external tariff structure to deal with all third party trade

Sub-Saharan Africa East African Community (EAC) 3 members Emphasizes economic co- operation and development Regional cooperation and integration envisaged is broad based, covering trade to tourism, and from monetary affairs to infrastructure development Other areas of cooperation include free movement of trade, political matters including defense, security, foreign affairs, legal and judicial affairs

Sub-Saharan Africa Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) 7 members Mainly drought and conflict stricken Foster regional security and sustain economic development Restoration of peace in Sudan and Somalia remains the primary goal

Sub-Saharan Africa Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) 11 Members Develop capacities to maintain peace, security and stability Develop physical, economic and monetary integration Develop a culture of human integration; and Establish an autonomous financing mechanism for ECCAS

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) The Problem Solving Process Step 1: Recognize & define problems Step 2: Gather facts & assumptions Step 3 : Develop possible solutions Step 4: Analyze each solution Step 5: Compare outcome of each solution Step 6: Select the best solution Step 7: Follow-up and evaluate

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) Three layers Regional External Colonialism Racism Lack of Development Internal Political Instability Corruption Democratization Economic Development Environmental Racism and Tribal differences

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) Political Instability 14 countries (of 48) in conflict 1 No state monopoly on use of force 64 coups from Widening gap between states and societies Wars are internal 1 Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) Corruption Transparency International Corruption Perception Index Surveys of business, government, and country specialist CountryCPI Bangladesh1.3 (133) Nigeria1.4 (132) Ghana3.3 (70) India2.8 (83) China3.4 (66) Brazil3.9 (54) Mexico3.6 (64) South Africa4.4 (48) Hungary4.8 (40) Japan7.0 (21) US7.5 (18) Finland9.7 (1)

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) Democratization 192 countries surveyed by Freedom House Free, partly free, not free Road to democracy Freedom Rule of law Incentives Infrastructure State apparatus Type FreePFNF %18%47% %21%35% GDP 89%5%6% SSA (73) 2928 SSA (03)

Sub-Saharan Africa The Problem(s) Economic Development 54.8 % PPP $1 per day in of Bottom 20 “Low Income Economies” are African 2 Van de Walle notes four options Leave formal economy Religion Conflict Democratic response 1 Bhalla (2002), Class handout 07 Apr 2 Class handout, 02 Apr, based on UNDP and World Bank data CountryPPP Sierra Leone$480 Nigeria$830 Ghana$1980 India$2450 China$4260 Brazil$7450 Mexico$8770 South Africa$9510 Hungary$12570 Japan$27430 US$34870

Sub-Saharan Africa The Plan Christianity, Commerce, and Civilization Development Environmental Structural Error in Diagnosis Internal External

Sub-Saharan Africa The Plan Development based on political, institutional, intellectual, and economic freedoms Seek to end conflicts Control environment Correlation between economic development and “good governance” President Bush African Policy

Sub-Saharan Africa The Plan African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD)

Sub-Saharan Africa Over the Horizon MBendi potential Rivers make Africa cheapest power source in the world Manufacturing center of world Tourism trade Increased agricultural output Post HIV/AIDS population smaller, richer, and more intelligent Malaria and TB eliminated

Sub-Saharan Africa Conclusion Key is to develop African solutions to these African problems (Ayittey) Evolve from crisis management to development

Sub-Saharan Africa Questions