Read page 520 as a class

 Enlarged breasts  Less facial hair than men  Hair growth in armpits and pubis  Wider at the hips than shoulders  Fat deposits around buttocks and hips  More body fat than men  Hands and feet smaller than men  Angle from thigh to ankle is slightly bent

 Uterus (womb) – the hollow, pear- shaped organ located between the bladder and anus  Endometrium – the glandular inner lining to the uterus  Fibrium – a fingerlike projection at the end of the Fallopian tube

 Vagina – the muscular canal extending from the cervix to the outer environment  Cervix – a muscular band that separates the vagina from the uterus  Fallopian tube (oviduct) – one of the two tubes that connect the ovaries to the uterus

 During fetal development the ovaries descend in females but remain in the pelvic region  Oocytes (immature ova or eggs) are all present by birth in the ovary

 The uterus is the largest organ in the female reproductive system and is made of 2 tissues 1) Muscular outer lining 2) Glandular inner lining called the endometrium  Ovaries are connected to the uterus by 2 Fallopian tubes aka oviducts  The fallopian tubes have fimbria at the ends

 the vagina connects the uterus to the external environment  Where sexual intercourse occurs  Is very acidic to kill microbes  the cervix separates the vagina from the uterus

 Cervix cancer is a common cancer in women – Pap tests collect a sample from the cervix that can show abnormalities  Reproductive and excretory systems remain separate within women but not in men though women are more prone to bladder infections

 an ovum has many nutrients and is much larger than a sperm cell  females usually produce one ovum at a time while men make millions of sperm a day  ovum also have 23 chromosomes

1) oogenesis – the formation and development of mature ova 2) follicle – structure in the ovary that contains the oocyte 3) grandulosa – the layer of small cells that forms the wall of the follicle

4) ovulation – release of the secondary oocyte from the follicle held within the ovary 5) corpus luteum – a mass of follicle cells that forms within the ovary after ovulation  Secretes estrogen and progesterone

 oogenesis is the creation of an ovum which occurs in the ovaries in cells called follicles  Follicles contain : 1) primary oocyte and 2) grandulosa – cells provides nutrients for oocytes

1) The primary oocyte divides 2) It undergoes a cell division - most of the nutrients move to make a secondary oocyte and the first one (polar cell) dies 3) The follicle cells surround the secondary oocyte and create a fluid- filled cavity

4) The dominant secondary oocyte is released through the weakened ovary wall (called ovulation) 5) The secondary ooycte moves into the Fallopian tube with help from the fimbria 6) The oocyte can be fertilized here – it will divide unequally again and another polar body will die off 9MxRpw

 if the ooycte is fertilized the follicle cells within the ovary change into the corpus luteum which and make hormones necessary for pregnancy  If it is not fertilized the corpus luteum degenerates in about 10 days and the ooyctes deteriorates in 24 hours

 is when the Fallopian tubes are cut and tied

Divided into 4 phases 1) Menstruation (flow phase) – shedding of the endometrium – lasts about 5 days 2) Follicular phase – follicles develop in the ovary  Estrogen is made by the follicles  Takes 6 – 13 days

3) Ovulatory phase – when the secondary oocyte breaks out of the ovary and the follicular cells differentiate into the corpus luteum – occurs on day 14 4) The luteal phase starts when the corpus luteum is created – days 15-28

 The bottom diagram shows the thickness of the endometrium through the 4 cycles

1) Estrogen – causes the thickening of the endometrium during the menstrual cycle  Also responsible for secondary sexual characteristics 2) Progesterone – causes the change in the endometrium preparing for a uterus

 estrogen and progesterone are made by the corpus luteum (2 nd place estrogen is made)  Progesterone inhibits more ovulation, prevents uterine contractions and firms the cervix  If fertilization doesn’t occur, estrogen and progesterone will decrease and uterine contractions will cause the endometrium to shed

 Women are born with about follicles in their ovaries  Many follicles will never reach maturity and will be reabsorbed into the ovary  Women will have about 400 eggs mature in their lifetime  Menopause occurs when ovulation stops and a drop of hormones will occur  What is though about women getting pregnant later in life?

 GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) made in the hypothalamus signals the pituitary to produce FSH and LH after female puberty  FSH is carried by the blood to the ovaries during the follicular phase which causes follicle development

 The follicles secrete estrogen which causes the development of the endometrium  A high level of estrogen signals to the pituitary to stop secreting FSH AND it stimulates LH creation in the pituitary which causes ovulation

 LH causes follicular cells to form into the corpus luteum (the luteum phase begins)  The corpus luteum creates progesterone and estrogen which make the endometrium more developed

 High levels of progesterone and estrogen stop the release of FSH and LH – this allows the corpus luteum to deteriorate and slowing the creation of progesterone and estrogen  The drop in ovarian hormones begins menstruation

 may contain high levels of progesterone which stops ovulation and therefore no babies (most of the time)

1) Read the last paragraph on page 526 2) Do the lab exercise on page 527 & 528 #1-4 (including the graph) and hand it in 3) Copy figure 6 into your notes 4) Copy what you need of Table 2 and 3 into your notes (or just write them on your cards)