12 Computer Engineering

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Objectives Define computer engineering. Explain the operation of logic gates. Understand the purpose of databases. Describe the uses of algorithms. Describe the function of basic parts of a personal computer. Understand binary code. Give examples of computer engineering applications.

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. About Computer Engineering Overlap of electrical, software, and hardware engineering Focus on designing, building, and troubleshooting hardware and software Work alone on projects or in teams with engineers from other disciplines

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Education Typically Required Bachelor’s degree –Computer engineering –Electrical engineering –Computer science –Hardware engineering Associate’s degree –Computer engineering technology –Repair, maintenance, and installation of computer hardware and software

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Engineering Principles Strong background in electrical concepts required Understanding of various computer principles –Logic –Databases –Algorithms –Computer architecture –Digital signal processing

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Logic System of operations performed by computer Computers function based solely on parameters that have been set up for them Gates are implemented digitally through use of diodes, transistors, relays, and other devices

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Types of Logic Gates AND gate OR gate NOT gate NOR gate NAND gate XOR gate XNOR gate

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Database Structured system of storing data in a computer system Make information easy to access by people who need it and secure it from people who should not have access Computer engineers design database hardware and software

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Algorithms Step-by-step procedures for solving problems or completing tasks Used in designing many computer programs Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Architecture Refers to how computers are designed –Central processing unit (CPU) –Motherboard –Power supplies –Hard disc –Operating systems –Memory –Ports

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Central Processing Unit (CPU) Performs all functions of computer Interprets and executes commands Includes the microprocessor Made up on single integrated circuit (IC) chip called microprocessor Located on motherboard

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Motherboard Main circuit board All other components are connected Houses the CPU Houses other critical components

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Power Supplies Built into computers Convert 120 volts of ac into lower voltage of direct current to power computer components Supply direct current for 3.3 volts and 5.5 volts for digital circuitry Supply 12 volts dc for mechanical devices in computers

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Hard Disc Stores data on rotating platters Read/write heads read or write data Data is not lost when power is disconnected Data is managed by dividing discs into small segments George Dolgikh/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Operating Systems Manage operation of computer Allow user to interact with computer, allocate resources, and organize and control hardware and software Can be updated over time to meet changing needs without replacing entire machine

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Memory Read-only memory (ROM) Basic input/output systems (BIOS) Random-access memory (RAM) Cache memory Flash memory

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Ports Connections where external devices can be plugged into your computer USB ports are common and versatile FireWire ports are used for digital and video devices Mladen Mitrinovic/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Digital Signal Processing Series of ones and zeros One is on and zero is off Binary code Example

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Software Engineering Application of engineering principles to software design Systematic, quantifiable approach to software development Disciplined approach following steps of engineering design process

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Engineering Applications Human-computer interaction (HCI) Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) Computer numerical control (CNC) Robotics Integrated circuits (ICs)

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) How people interact with computers Takes place at user interface, where people deal with computers Occurs at input and output ends Deals with user satisfaction

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) Manufacturing process where computers control entire production process Part are designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software and are made using CNC equipment Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) is used to design processes used to manufacture parts

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Automation of machine tools using computers Products designed using CAD and imported into computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software CAM software creates codes for machine movement Mircea BEZERGHEANU/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Robotics Automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose robots Increase production and decrease cost Perform dangerous and dirty tasks Autonomous robots are programmed to respond to the world around them

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Degrees of Freedom Baloncici/Shutterstock.com; Goodheart-Willcox Publisher

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. End-of-Arm Tooling Tools attached to robotic arms to do work –Mechanical grippers –Magnetic grippers –Suction cups –Sprayers –Grinders –Welders –Cutters

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Integrated Circuits (ICs) Combination of many semiconductors and other components Designed to perform specific function or variety of functions Allow electronics to become smaller and use less energy

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Integrated Circuit Design Multiple electronic circuits etched into thin material Drawn much larger so all details can be seen by engineers Drawn in layers to help differentiate between types of components Certain parts of design cannot touch or circuit can short Design

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Computer Engineering in Action Design of software and hardware that work seamlessly together for user’s benefit Physical part of devices must be designed so they function together with software Must meet user needs

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Virtual Reality Most virtual reality applications are visual Sound is often provided to increase sensation Haptics provides feedback through user’s sense of touch Gaming and training uses Leah-Anne Thompson/Shutterstock.com

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. Medical Imaging Can take 2-D pictures and create 3-D images on computers Tools are similar to video game controllers Can help show where treatments needs to go inside bodies Levent Konuk/Shutterstock.com