Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 CONTENTS RESOURCES ACTIVITYLINKS HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Contents Minerals Definition Composition and arrangement Classification Silicates Non-silicates Identification Properties Extraction and uses Extraction Uses HOME RESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Formation Conditions

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 HOME Resources What are minerals? What are minerals like? How are minerals formed? How are minerals classified? Physical properties of minerals How are minerals extracted and used? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Activity: What do you know about minerals? Links

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 SEE ALLOTROPIC FORMS What are minerals? calcite HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK naturally ocurring inorganic homogeneous solid substance definite chemical composition

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 diamond What are minerals? Allotropic forms HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK carbon graphite inorganic homogeneous solid substance definite chemical composition calcite GO BACK naturally occurring

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 What are minerals like? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Are minerals pure substances? Can the same mineral vary in colour? How are minerals arranged?

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals arranged? What are minerals like? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Yes, minerals are pure substances. mixtures Can the same mineral vary in colour?

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals arranged? What are minerals like? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Yes, impurities can cause different colours. white quartz rose quartz smoky quartz Are minerals pure substances?

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 What are minerals like? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Arrangement crystalline minerals organised structure amorphous minerals unorganised structure Agate (amorphous silicon dioxide) Rock crystal (crystalline silicon oxide) Are minerals pure substances? Can the same mineral vary in colour?

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals extracted and used? Mineral beds Underground mine Surface mine “benches” horizontal galleries shaft SEE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK SEE MINERALS IN EVERYDAY LIFE

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals extracted and used? GO BACK HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK What can be done? Rivers and streams are polluted Vehicles make a lot of noise. Traffic pollutes the air, soil and water. Vegetation is destroyed Dumps are created. Mining and the environment

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals extracted and used? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK BeforeAfter Environmental impact assessments Mining projects Remove waste materials Cover mines with earth Reforestation GO BACK What can be done?

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals extracted and used? Table salt halite Source of metals galena lead cinnabar mercury Ceramics industry clay minerals pottery bricks tiles Construction materials gypsum plaster calcite cement quartz glass Jewellery gold diamonds HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK Minerals in everyday life GO BACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals classified? Silicates. They contain oxygen and silicon. quartzfeldspar olivine white mica (muscovite) black mica (biotite) clay minerals orthoclase mica HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals classified? Non-silicates. They do not contain silicon. native elements native goldnative sulfur oxides hematite sulfates barite carbonates halides cinnabargalenacalcitehalite sulfides HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 halite biotite clay minerals olivine pyrite Physical properties of minerals colourlustrehardnessstreakcleavage HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK quartz hematite muscovite talc feldspar

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 feldspar halite biotite clay minerals olivine pyrite Physical properties of minerals white or pink white or yellowish different colours black white or transparent different colours olive green brassy yellow COLOUR lustrehardnessstreakcleavage GO BACK HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK quartz muscovite

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Physical properties of minerals dull to glassy colour LUSTRE hardness waxy metallic glassy streakcleavage HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK talc feldspar pyrite quartz GO BACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Physical properties of minerals MOHS SCALE hardness 7 hardness 6 hardness 7 hardness 2.5 colourlustre HARDNESS streakcleavage HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK GO BACK feldspar halite olivinequartz

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Physical properties of minerals colourlustrehardness reddish streak STREAK cleavage HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKS CONTENT MAP CLOSEBACK hematite GO BACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 muscovite Physical properties of minerals colourlustrehardnessstreak CLEAVAGE Mica cleaves in sheets. HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK GO BACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Mohs scale talc gypsum calcite fluorite apatite orthoclase quartz topaz corundum diamond Can be scratched with a fingernail Can be scratched with a knife Can be scratched with a piece of glass Can scratch glass HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK GO BACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit Inside the Earth’s crust: In solid rocks which undergo intense heat and pressure 2. Inside the Earth’s crust: In a mass of melted rock 1. At the surface: Crystallisation of substances dissolved in water How are minerals formed? 2 Components in the right amounts Heat and pressure Time (millions of years) Certain conditions are necessary: 3 1 Stalactites formed by calcite olivine (top); feldspar (bottom) ENLARGE IMAGE HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 How are minerals formed? Components in the right amounts Heat and pressure Time (millions of years) Certain conditions are necessary: HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK ↑ PRESSURE ↑ HEAT TRANSFORMATION GO BACK 3 clay minerals muscovites

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 HOME Interactive activity: What do you know about minerals? HOMERESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK

Essential Natural Science 1 Unit 10 Links HOME RESOURCESACTIVITYLINKSCONTENTS CLOSEBACK GO TO WEBSITE What is a mineral? GO TO WEBSITE Common minerals