1 CNT-FED Part I Yesterday and Today Min Hee Cho, Changhwan Shin, Wookhyun Kwon

2 Roadmap Roadmap Part III: Application & marketing strategy * Target application (HUD) * Marketing strategy * Business Plan Part I : Yesterday and Today * Display technology summary CRT  LCD  FED * Current CNT FED technology and limitation Part II : New technology * AM (Active matrix) CNT-FED * Transparent CNT-FED for HUD (Head up display)

3 Outline for CNT-FED Part I 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

4 Outline 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

5 1. Introduction - CNT - Single-walled CNT Double-walled CNT Multiwalled CNT Diameter : 1/100,000 of a hair (1-100nm) Thermal conductivity : 10 times of diamond Strength : more than 2 times of spider’s thread Ultra high current densities : A/cm 2 (Cu : 10 7 A/cm 2 )

6 Application

7 Depending Champion in Flat Display : LCD LCD CRT Who is Next?

8 Quick review for FED Why FED ! * low power (30~50% of LCD,PDP) * very high contrast level * light weight (compared to LCD) * very slim (compared to LCD) * be able to make up for loss pixel  dream of display !! FED : Field Emission Display

9 Outline 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

10 2. Technology for FED & CNT from CRT to FED : CRT * CRT advantage - high contrast levels - very fast response times  Now disappear… Because of Thickness & Power * CRT operation Powered by an electron gun  Thermionic emission (Boiling" them off a metal filament)  Scanned across the screen

11 from CRT to FED : FED structure * Main difference : Many electron guns : Sharp tip : Field emission  Thermionic emission vs Field emission (FED) * Emitter : field electron sources to provide electrons  strike colored phosphor  produce a color image. * In order to maximize performance : Carbon Nanotube (CNT) technology cones (Spindt tip)

12 Normal Bad Pixel Bad Pixel in LCD Computer Synthetic beauty

13 Bad Pixel in LCD

14 Pixel control in FED Technical Advantage :  increase yield (reduce the pixel loss) So tiny and many tips : in some pixels being inoperable  find the dead emitters  corrected by slightly increasing the pulse (make up for the loss )

15 FED history 1991 FED systems started spindt type was researched Micro tip Full color FED CNT FED -38” CNT FED TV ~Now CNT BLU Prepare CNT FED mass production : But not yet

16 Performance competition High Contrast Wide Viewing Angle High Resolution Color Gamut Fast Response Resolution Energy Saving The performance should be satisfied to be a future FPD TV. Major requirement ITEMFEDLCDPDP Brightness ☆☆☆ Contrast ★☆☆ Color gamut ★★★ Brightness Uniformity ☆☆★ Power Consumption ★◎○ Response time ★○☆ View angle ★○☆ Gray scale ☆☆☆ Resolution ☆★○ Weight ★★★ ★ :Excellent ☆ :Very Good ◎ :Good ○ :Intermediate

17 Outline 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

BLU (Back Light Unit) The advantage of LCD + FED Back light Use the Current LCD technolgy : Color gamut &Uniformity Use the light source in FED : Brightness & Efficiency

19 Local Dimming

20 LCD vs BLU Fast motion Blinking BLU Dynamic BLU CNT is used for an electron emitter in both CNT-FED and CNT-BLU with many common technologies. Natural color Local Dimming

21 Outline 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

CNT merit CNTs 1> Small tip radius : The efficiency of the field emitters 2> High aspect ratio 3> High conductivity Materials and Design 28 (2007)

23 The technology for CNT emitter Paste emitter Directly grown emitter Low cost / Large area catalyst dot PECVD Uniform CNT length / Possibility for higher resolution FED

24 Emitter typeIssuesTargetApproach Paste emitter Emitter length uniformity > 70% (1 - σ/μ)Raw CNT control ResidualminimizedPaste composition Directly grown emitter (CVD) Large area deposition system development > 40”Collaboration with machine maker Diameter decrease > 450C*Catalyst control *Precursor control Issues in CNT emitter

25 Common issue Target valueTechnology High voltage stability 10~15kVCharge drain structure Lifetime30,000hr*use rigid CNTs *Operation condition optimization Brightness efficiency 60~70 lm/W* Anode screen optimization * Cathode emission fill factor improvement * Operation condition optimization Due to - Inter-pixel uniformity - Life time

26 Outline 1. Introduction - CNT & Application - Depending Champion : LCD - Quick review for FED 2. Technology for FED & CNT 2.1 FED development - from CRT to FED - Pixel control in FED - FED history - Performance competition 2.2 BLU (Back Light Unit) - Local Dimming - LCD vs BLU 2.3 CNT merit - The technology for CNT emitter - Issues in CNT emitter - Common issue 3.Summary

27 Summary for Part I ◆ CNT FED picture quality is quite comparable to conventional LCD or PDP device ◆ CNT Backlight have superior capacity to express high image quality such as high contrast and low power consumption ◆ CNT is most promising material for FED ◆ There still remain some obstacles : High voltage stability, Lifetime, Uniform fabrication, Large area process

28 CNT-FED Part II New Technology for CNT-FED Min Hee Cho, Changhwan Shin, Wookhyun Kwon

29 Outline 1. New approach for the current CNT-FED: AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED 2. Transparent CNT-FED for HUD: SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED

30 Outline 1. New approach for the current CNT-FED: AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED 2. Transparent CNT-FED for HUD: SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED

31 Current CNT-FED 1.Why CNT? nano-size tip, high-aspect-ratio, high stability  ideal field-emission material 2. Current CNT emitter structures Spindt-type CNT emitter fabricated by paste method Under-gate-type CNT emitter fabricated by paste method

32 Technical Issues #0: no high-efficient low-voltage phosphor accelerating voltage > 7kV; spacer charge #1: no ideal triode emitter structure #2: hard to implement inter-pixel uniformity #3: Lifetime is not guaranteed (due to heat)

33 Alternative technology: fabrication Other issues: 1) Difficulty to implement the ideal triode structure with CNT 2) Spacer; high accelerating voltage required.

34 New approach for the current CNT-FED: AM(Active-Matrix)-CNT-FED AM-CNT FED panel view (top), and its cross-sectional view (bottom) Amorphous-silicon TFT (a-Si TFT) used for the switching device in LCD is utilized to control the CNT emitters in the AM-CNT FED. - a-SI TFT integrated with the cathode-plate; Address TFT & Driver TFTs - TMG; gating to induce electric-field emission and prevent anode’s electric-field, integrating e-beams - Anode plate with R/G/B phosphor, and Spacers supporting vacuum-packed emitters - Operating V DD only depends on TFT characteristics, due to signal inputs on G/S of the TFTs Tapered Macro-Gate

35 Possibility of the AM-CNT FED Luminescence vs. anode voltage at the TMG-CNT emitter No high-efficient low-voltage phosphor  Accelerating voltage (> 7kV) required. Alternative: TMG can obtain the required accelerating voltage of the anode. Emitted e-beams can be integrated at the anode’s phosphor by TMG Prevent cross-talk Transfer (top) and output (bottom) characteristic of the series-connected a-Si TFT Low I OFF at higher V DS Saturation region > 150V; less σ(I op )  uniformity

36 Outline 1. New approach for the current CNT-FED: AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED AM (Active-Matrix) CNT-FED 2. Transparent CNT-FED for HUD: SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED SWNT-SOG composite for transparent FED

37 Transparent CNT-FED Flowchart of fabrication process for the transparent CNT-FET based on a composite of SWNT and SOG. Tin-oxide-coated glass ** Arc discharge method to synthesize SWNT Cleaning Tin-Oxide-coated glass substrate used to synthesize the SWNT The SWNT film was purified, by ethanol treatment, to increase the adhesion of SWNTs with the substrate. The SWNT film was oxidized, to burn out amorphous carbon and oxidize the metal catalyst. The purified SWNT film spin coated with SOG solution, then heated to remove moisture and solvent. The film was exposed out of SOG by etching the top surface of the composite film in diluted HF solution.

38 Summary - AM-CNT-FED can overcome the current CNT- FED technical issues. - Transparent CNT-FED can be fabricated cheaply and demonstrated. Reference [1] ETRI annual research report [2] Nguyen V. Quy et al., “SWNT-SOG composite for transparent field emission device,” Journal of Crystal Growth, Sep

39 CNT-FED Part III Applications and Marketing Strategy Min Hee Cho, Changhwan Shin, Wookhyun Kwon

40 Outline  Applications  CNT Head-up Display (HUD)  Marketing Strategy for CNT-HUD Market SizeMarket Size Target CustomersTarget Customers SWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis InvestmentInvestment  Conclusion

41 Application Flat Panel DisplayBack Light Unit Head-Up Display (H.U.D.) Market Size Largest single market Large Niche Risk Highly competitive Competitive Small market size Competitor LCD PDP CCFL LED Laser hologram LED projection Requirement High quality image High speed response Low cost Brightness Low power High transparency Investment Min. $100 million (Samsung: $840 million) Min. $10 million (CMO: $19.4 million) Min. $1 million Target Application

42 Older Head-Up Display Major technologies  Laser Hologram  Military and Civilian Aircraft

43 Head-Up Display Automobile  HUD in BMW 7 series Mounted on the dashboard Projecting information onto the windshield Available only for luxury cars Major technologies  TFT-LCD projection  LED projection

44 Drawbacks of Old Technologies  Laser Hologram  Dashboard Projection

45 Limited functionality Lack of clarity Insufficient brightness “The first HUDs, failed to wow the consumer as hoped.” “Solid-state electronics new to HUD have produced dramatic improvement” More clarity More color Brighter display CNT-FED technology can provide Transparency Higher brightness Clarity Functionality CNT-FED technology for HUD

46 200% lighter and smaller Support TV like images Enhance pilot comfort – Increased head clearance – Increased volume of head motion box – Pilot’s head can’t obscure image Advanced HUD in Airplane

47  Telemetric Display can provide an intelligent driving experience! Traffic information Navigation Video phone Safety warning HUD in Entire Front Windshield of Car

48 Market Size HUD Market to reach $400 million by 2012 EE Times (21/Jun/2007) A new research brief from ABI Research has predicted that head-up display (HUD) solutions that display key information in the driver's line of sight, reducing the need to look away from the road ahead, will comprise a Rs.1, crore ($400 million) market by The HUD solution addresses raised concerns related to assortment of applications in today's cars, from navigation to information and entertainment that pulls the driver's attention away from the basic task of driving. Demand for automobile HUD is rapidly growing. The real market exceeds the expectation.

49 Competitors

50 Target Customers Airplane Makers Automotive Component Suppliers

51 S.W.O.T. Analysis Transparency Higher brightness CRT like images WEAKNESS Small market size Reliability and Lifetime Yield  AM-CNT technology OPPORTUNITY Growing market Few competitors High price market Airplane Luxury car THREAT Old solution providers Laser hologram Projection Major company  Patent protection  I.P. provider STRENTH

52 Development Plane (Phase I) Patents Proto-type Promotion 2 nd Investment from Buyers 1 st Investment (Seed Money) + $ 1000K (1M) 10 patents x $30K = - $300K - $ 600K - $ 100K > $ 20 M

53 Conclusion  CNT-FED is promising technology for future display, but this has limitations  To overcome these limitation, we introduce AM-CNT- FED.  To get product differentiation, we introduce transparent display.  HUD application is good target market to avoid high risks at the begging stage.  We are finding angels who invest seed money!