1. Introduction to Graphical Hardware Display Technologies
Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs)
CRTs are the most common display device today
Evacuated glass bottle (last remaining vacuum tube)
Heating element (filament)
Electrons attracted to focusing anode cylinder
Vertical and Horizontal deflection plates
Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube
CRTs, or video monitors, are the most common output device on computers today. The figure illustrates the basic structure of a CRT. A CRT is an evacuated glass bottle, with a heating element on one end and a phosphor coated screen on the other. When a current flows through this heating element, called a filament, the conductivity of the metal filament is reduced due to the high temperature. This cause electrons to pile up on the filament, because they can not move as fast as they would like to. Some of these electrons actually boil off of the filament. These free electrons are attracted to a strong positive charge from the outer surface of the focusing anode cylinder (sometimes called an electrostatic lens). However, the inside of the cylinder has a weaker negative charge. Thus when the electrons head toward the anode they are forced into a beam and accelerated by the repulsion of the inner cylinder walls in just the way that water is speeds up when its flow though a smaller diameter pipe. By the time the electrons get out they're going so fast that they fly
past the cathode they were heading for. The next thing that the electrons run into are two sets of weakly charged deflection plates. These plates have opposite charges, one positive the other negative. While their charge is not strong enough to capture the fast moving electrons they do influence the path of the beam. The first set displaces the beam up and down, and the second displaces the beam left and right. The electrons are sent flying out of the neck of the bottle, called a yolk, until they smash into the phosphor coating on the other end of the bottle. The impact of this collision on the out valence bands of the phosphor compounds knocks some of the electrons to jump into the another band. This causes a few photons to be generated, and results in our seeing a spot on the CRT's face.

2. Evacuated glass bottle (last remaining vacuum tube)
Heating element (filament)
Electrons attracted to focusing anode cylinder
Vertical and Horizontal deflection plates
Beam strikes phosphor coating on front of tube
Electron beam focused and directed towards a phosphor coated screen.
b)Beam excites phosphor which emits light.
c)The Persistence is the time for the light emitted by the phosphor to decay to 1/10th of initial intensity when the beam is moved.
d)Beam needs to continually refresh the image on the screen.
e)Can include an accelerating anode to provide intensity control.
f)Resolution of a CRT is the maximum number of points which can be displayed without overlap. A resolution of 4 to 16 million points should be available in a high precision system.
g)the aspect ratio of a CRT is the ratio of vertical points to horizontal points per unit length. An aspect ratio of 1 is ideal.
h)A CRT can operate as a random scan or a raster scan

3. Cathode Ray Tube
The phosphor than emits a small spot of light to each position contacted by the electron beam.
The light emitted by the phosphor fades very rapidly.
One way to keep the phosphor glowing is to redraw the picture repeatedly. This type of display is called a Refresh CRT

5. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) Anode connection
Mask for separating beams for RGB part of displayed image
Phosphor layer with RGB zones
Close-up of the phos-phor-coated inner side of the screen
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
Electron guns
Electron beams
Focusing coils
Deflection coils
Cathode rays are electron beams emitted by a cathode (negative terminal); the annode is number 5
Emission is by heating the cathode in a vacuum tube – hence the name CRT

6. Cathode Ray Tube
Intensity of the electron beam is controlled by setting voltage levels on the control grid
Amount of light emitted by the phosphor coating depends on the number of electrons striking the screen, we control the brightness of a display by varying the voltage on the control grid
Focusing deflection of the electron beam can be controlled either with electric fields or with magnetic fields

7. Cathode Ray Tube
Different kind of phosphors are available for use in a CRT, besides color a major difference between phosphors is their persistence: how long they continue to emit light after the CRT beam is removed.
Persistence is defined as the time it takes the emitted light from the screen to decay to one tenth of its original intensity.
Lower persistence phosphors require higher refresh rates to maintain a picture on the screen without flicker.

8. Raster Scan Display
The raster is a series of horizontal lines crossing the face of the CRT screen. Each horizontal line is made up of one trace of the electron beam from left to right. The raster starts at the top left corner of the crt screen. As each horizontal line is completed, the blanked electron beam is rapidly returned or retraced to the left of the screen.
Vertical deflection moves the beam down, and the horizontal sweep repeats. When the vertical sweep reaches the bottom line of the raster, a vertical blanked retrace returns the sweep to the starting position of the raster, and the process is repeated.

9. PICTURE ELEMENTS. - The actual display of data results from the use of picture elements. A picture element is a variable dot of light derived from video signals input to the display monitor. The picture elements, often called pixels
Pictures with alphanumeric characters and graphics can be created and displayed by varying the intensity or brightness of the picture element dots. This is done in conjunction with the phosphor coating on the face of the crt.

10. A 7 by 9 picture element character.
Approximately 640 picture elements per horizontal line are required for the display of an 80 character line. Therefore, you can expect 140,000 picture elements on a raster scan display screen (80 alphanumeric characters per line and 25 lines).

11. Random Scan Display
Refresh rate on a random scan display depends on the number of lines to be displayed.
Picture definition is stored as a set of line drawing commands in an area of memory referred to as the refresh display file or the Refresh Buffer.
Random scan displays are designed to draw all the component lines of a picture 30 to 60 times each second.

12. Random Scan Display
Random scan system are designed for line drawing applications and cannot display realistic shaded scenes.
As the picture definition is stored as a set of line drawing instructions and not as a set of intensity values of all screen points it generally have higher resolution than raster systems.

13. A CRT monitor contains millions of tiny red, green, and blue phosphor dots that glow when struck by an electron beam that travels across the screen to create a visible image. The illustration below shows how this works inside a CRT.

14. A beam penetration method for displaying color pictures has been used with random scan monitors.
Shadow-mask A shadow mask is a thin metal screen filled with very small holes. Three electron beams pass through the holes to focus on a single point on a CRT displays' phosphor surface. The shadow mask helps to control the electron beams so that the beams strike the correct phosphor at just the right intensity to create the desired colors and image on the display. The unwanted beams are blocked or "shadowed."