Fawaz Edris MD, ARDMS, AAACS, FRCSC, FACOG
Background Definition: 1 yr unprotected coitus without conception 10-15% couples affected Etiology Couples: ○ 35% Tubal and pelvic pathology ○ 35 % Male problems ○ 15% Ovulatory dysfunction ○ 10% Unexplained ○ 5% unusual causes
Background Etiology Women: ○ 40% Tubal and pelvic pathology ○ 40% Ovulatory dysfunction ○ 10% Unexplained Infertility ○ 10% Unusual causes Normal couple: 25-30% chance of pregnancy per ovulatory cycle Fertility decreases with age
Infertility Time of Exposure % Pregnant 3 months60% 6 months70% 1 year85% 18 months 90%
Approach to Infertility DDX Hx Px Tests/Inv Dx Rx
Approach to Infertility Production Storage Delivery
Male Infertility 1. Production: Hypothalamus Anterior Pituitary Testes
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Male Infertility 1. Production Hypothalamus ○ Congenital abnormalities of hypothalamus e.g. Kallman’s syndrome ○ Starvation, stress or severe illness ○ Tumors (craniopharyngioma, metastatic tumor) ○ Head injury ○ Inflammation (sarcoidosis) ○ Infection (tuberculosis) ○ XRT ○ Drugs: marijuana,
Male Infertility 1. Production: Pituitary ○ Endocrine: thyroid, prolactin ○ Tumors ○ Inflammation: sarcoidosis, meningitis ○ Infiltration ○ Infarction ○ Trauma/XRT ○ Drugs: anabolic steroids
Male Infertility Production: Testes: ○ Congenital: Klinefelters (XYY), developmental disorders ○ Disorders of gonadal steroidgenesis ○ Infection: chlamydia, prostatitis, mumps orchitis ○ Autoimmune ○ Cryptorchidism ○ Tumors; chemo/XRT ○ Drugs / alcohol ○ Vascular: testicular torsion
Male Infertility 2. Storage: Temperature ○ Rise in scrotal temperature ○ Occupation ○ Varicocoele
Male Infertility 3. Delivery: Impotence/Ejaculation ○ Neurogenic: medications (α-blockers, methyldopa) ○ Endocrine: diabetes ○ Congenital: absence vas deferens (CF) ○ Genetic: cystic fibrosis ○ Primary ciliary dyskinesia: Kartagener syndrome ○ Hypospadia ○ Vasectomy
Male Infertility History: Previous children Infections: prostatitis, STD, mumps orchitis Trauma to head or testicles Surgery to testicles or hernia Occupation (sitting, bio hazards, XRT) Chemo or Radio therapy Ethanol or Smoking Medication Medical history (DM, HTN) Previous investigations
Male Infertility Physical Anatomy (meatus) Testicular size Varicocele (valsalva) Rectal exam (protatitis, discharge)
Male Infertility Investigations: semen analysis ○ Abstain 2-4 days prior ○ At least 2 samples over different period of time If abnormal: ○ Blood work: FSH, LH, TSH, testosterone, PRL ○ Testicular U/S ○ Chromosomal analysis
Male Infertility Semen analysis: WHO (1992) ○ Volume> 2.0 mL ○ Sperm> 20 million/mL ○ Motility> 50% forward progression or > 25% rapid progression within 60 min ○ Morphology> 30% normal forms ○ WBC< 1 million/mL
Male Infertility Tx / Interventions: Treat underlying causes Intrauterine Insemination (IUI) Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
Female Infertility Fecundability: probability of achieving a pregnancy within 1 menstrual cycle (25%) Fecundity: ability to achieve a live birth within 1 menstrual cycle (6%)
Female Infertility Production Storage Delivery
Female Fertility Production: Hypothalamus Pituitary Ovary
Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis
Female Infertility Hypothalamus: Stress Exercise Eating disorders Psychogenic Congenital/genetic: Kallman’s syndrome (hyposmia & hypoplasia olfactory lobes of brain) Starvation/stress or severe illness Tumors (craniopharyngioma, metastatic tumor) Head injury Inflammation (sarcoidosis) Infection (tuberculosis) XRT Drugs
Female Infertility Pituitary: Sheehan syndrome Tumors: Pituitary adenoma, metastatic Empty sella syndrome Inappropriate gonadal steroid feedback: ○ estrogen excess: obesity/ tumors ○ estrogen deficiency: aromatase deficiency/ ER gene mutation ○ androgen excess: adrenal or ovarian ○ PCOS Testicular feminization (46 XY) - absence androgen receptors
Female Infertility Ovary Gonadal dysgenesis - Turner’s Syndrome 45XO or mosaics 46 XX/45 XO Testicular feminization XRT / Chemo for childhood malignancies Premature ovarian failure
Female Infertility Storage (R.P.L. unless severe) Uterine abnormalities Mullerian Agenesis: Mayer-Rokitansky- Kuster-Hauser syndrome Asherman’s syndrome Leiomyoma Luteal phase deficiency
Female Infertility Delivery: Uterine abnormalities Vaginal septum Tubal Disease ○ Infections/ STD/PID ○ Ruptured appendix ○ Septic abortion Endometriosis
Female Infertility History: Age GTPAL Regulatory of period Prolactin S/S Thyroid S/S Infections, Surgeries Medication, Smoking, Ethanol Medical history Previous investigations
Female Infertility Examination: Thyroid Breast (milk) Abdomen (masses, scars) Vaginal (abnormalities) Bimanual (Uterus, masses)
Investigations Blood work: TSH PRL D3 FSH D3 LH Luteal phase Progesterone Imaging: Pelvic Ultrasound HSG Diagnostic Laparoscopy (later)
Treatment Treat the underlying cause Medical Surgical
Treatment Anovulation: Clomiphene induction IUI Gonadotropin IUI IVF Bilateral tubal disease Unexplained infertility after Gonadotropin + IUI failure. Failure of the above ICSI Male factor Unexplained infertility
Take Home Points DDx – Hx – Px – Inv - Rx Age is important factor for female Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal axis central in working up both male and female infertility Investigations: Male: Sperms Female: Tubes (HSG) + Ovaries (FSH, LH, PRL, TSH)
Thank you