1. 8th Edition APGO Objectives for Medical Students
Infertility

2. Rationale
The evaluation and management of an infertile couple requires an understanding of the processes of conception and embryogenesis, as well as sensitivity to the emotional stress that can result from the inability to conceive.

3. Objectives The student will be able to cite:
Definition of primary and secondary infertility
Causes of male and female infertility
Evaluation and management
Psychosocial issues associated with infertility

4. Definition
Primary
Couple has never conceived
No conception during first year without contraception
Secondary - couple has had at least one prior conception

5. Scope of problem
Common problem - 1 of every 12 couples or 24 million women
1990 estimated health care costs in U.S. for infertility were $1.3 billion
Conception rate - fecundability
After 1 mo. ~ 20% will conceive
After 3 mo. 50% will conceive
After 6 mo. 75% will conceive
After 12 mo. 90% will conceive

6. Etiology of infertility 20-40% of couples will have multiple causes
Female - about 60%
Tubal - 35%
Ovulatory - 15%
Cervical - 5%
Other - 5%

7. Etiology of infertility 20-40% of couples will have multiple causes
Male %
Azoospermia
Compromised spermatogenesis

8. Etiology of infertility 20-40% of couples will have multiple causes
Age (rates vary with female age)
Sexual life, i.e. frequency
Cigarette smoking - delays time to conception

9. Evaluation
History and physical

10. Evaluation Male Factor - semen analysis
Volume - 2-5cc
pH:
Total count - 40 x x 106
Azoospermia = no sperm
<40 x Oligospermia
Concentration >20 x 106 /mL count/cc
>50% motile
Fructose positive

11. Evaluation Male Factor - semen analysis
Normal morphology (>60%)
Liquefaction min.
Possible etiologies
Genetic disorders, i.e. Klinefelter Syndrome
Endocrinopathies
Varicoceles
Obstruction
Infection
Hypogonadism
Idiopathic
Defect in spermatogenesis

12. Evaluation Female Factors
Document ovulation
Basal body temperature chart (sustained rise >10 days)
Day 21 serum progesterone (>5ng/mL)
FSH on Day 3 of cycle - if >15 mIU/mL, abnormal and fertilization of eggs unlikely - ovarian failure, diminished ovarian reserve
Exclude cervical factors - post-coital test (Sims-Huhner Test) - look for five or more actively motile sperm in cervical mucus
Tubal factors
Hysterosalpingogram to look for tubal patency
Laparoscopy to look for peritoneal factors

13. Therapy Male factor Urology consult Donor sperm insemination
Intrauterine insemination (IUI)
In Vitro Fertilization- Embryo Transfer (IVF-ET)
IVF with ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

14. Therapy Female factors
Poor or lack of cervical mucus Consider IUI Low-dose estrogen
Tubal occlusion - corrective surgery and/or IVF
Anovulation - ovulation inducers

15. Therapy Ovulation Inducers Rate of Ovulation Pregnancy Clomiphene 80%
40%
HMG
90%
70-80%
Bromocriptine
GnRH
50-80%
Ovarian drilling
45-60%

16. Therapy Assisted reproductive technology Requires Procedures
Controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
Retrieval of oocytes
In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer
Procedures
IVF-ET (In Vitro fertilization-embryo transfer)
GIFT (Gamete intrafallopian transfer)
ZIFT (Zygote intrafallopian transfer)
ICSI (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection)

17. Psychological issues
Conflicting feelings about parenthood; active participation of both partners throughout

18. References
Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 5th ed., Baltimore, MD, 1994, Williams & Wilkins.
Adapted from Association of Professors of Gynecology and Obstetrics Medical Student Educational Objectives, 7th edition, copyright 1997

19. Clinical Case
Infertility

20. Patient Presentation
A 37-year-old female and her 37-year-old husband present with the complaint of a possible fertility problem. The couple has been married for 2 years. The patient has a 4-year-old daughter from a previous relationship. The patient used birth control pills until one-and-a- half-years-ago. The couple has been trying to conceive since then and report a high degree of stress related to their lack of success.

21. Patient Presentation
The patient reports good health and no problems in conceiving her previous pregnancy or in the vaginal delivery of her daughter. She reports that her periods were regular on the birth control pill, but have been irregular since she discontinued taking them. She reports having periods every 5-7 weeks. Past history is remarkable only for mild depression. Imipramine 150 mg qhs for the last 8 months is her only medication. She works as a cashier, runs miles each week for the last 2 years, and has no history of STDs, abnormal Paps, smoking, alcohol or other drugs. She has had no surgery.

22. Patient Presentation
The patient’s partner also reports good health and reports no problems with erection, ejaculation or pain with intercourse. He has had no prior urogenital infections or exposure to STDs. He has had unprotected sex prior to his current relationship, but has not knowingly conceived. He has no medical problems or past surgery. He works as a long-distance truck driver and is on the road 2-3 weeks each month. He smokes a pack of cigarettes a day since age 18 and drinks 2-3 cans of beer 3-4 times a week when he’s not driving. He occasionally uses amphetamines to stay awake while driving at night. The couple has vaginal intercourse 3-5 times per week when he is at home.

23. Patient Presentation
Physical exam The patient is 5’9” and weighs 130 pounds. Breast exam reveals no tenderness or masses, but bilateral galactorrhea on compression of the areola. Pelvic exam reveals normal genitalia, a well-estrogenized vaginal vault mucosa and cervical mucus consistent with the proliferative phase. The uterus is anteflexed and normal in size without masses or tenderness.

24. Patient Presentation Laboratory Results Normal Values
TSH 2.1 mIU/ml mIU/ml
Free T4 1.1 ng/dl ng/dl
Prolactin 60 ng/ml <20 ng/ml
FSH 6 mIU/ml mIU/ml
LH 4 mIU/ml mIU/ml
Basal body temperature chart shows a monophasic temperature graph.

25. Patient Presentation
Partner Semen analysis revealed 2 cc of semen, 4 million per mL, 30% normal forms and 20% motility.

26. Management
The patient’s major infertility factor is anovulation; the most likely cause is hyperprolactinemia from imipramine. The prolactin level is elevated, consistent with drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. The patient was instructed, in conjunction with her therapist, to taper off the imipramine. Her follow-up basal body temperature chart was biphasic, consistent with ovulatory cycles.

27. Management
The patient’s partner, however, has a semen analysis that is consistent with oligospermia. The couple was given their options of: 1) In Vitro fertilization with ISCI; 2) artificial insemination with partner’s sperm; 3) artificial insemination with donor sperm; or 4) adoption.

28. Teaching pointes
Multiple causes must be considered for infertility diagnosis and treatment. Female and male reproductive anatomy and physiology should be reviewed in order to encompass the large differential diagnosis and the different factors that may contribute to infertility or subfertility.

29. Teaching pointes
Infertility is defined as one year of unprotected coitus without conception. Infertility may be primary: a woman who has never achieved pregnancy, or secondary: a woman who has achieved pregnancy in the past. Causes of infertility include tubal and pelvic pathology (35%), male problems (35%), ovulatory dysfunctional (15%), unexplained infertility (10%) and unusual problems (10%).

30. Teaching pointes
Components of an initial infertility workup include a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory investigations include a semen analysis to assess male causes of infertility, a method to document that ovulatory cycles are occurring and, often, a hysterosalpingogram to rule out tubal disease.

31. Teaching pointes
Disorders of ovulation include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), hyperprolactinoma, thyroid dysfunction and hypothalamic causes and may be diagnosed by history, as well as laboratory tests that document the occurrence of ovulatory cycles. Basal body temperature recording, urinary LH testing, endometrial biopsy and luteal phase serum progesterone testing are all tests that may help confirm the presence or absence of ovulation.

32. Teaching pointes
Dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis and medical illness, including thyroid disease and pituitary tumors, can cause ovulatory disturbances. Further laboratory workup targeting these problems should be performed when history, examination, and initial laboratory evaluation indicate ovulatory dysfunction. Medication can also cause ovulatory problems.

33. Teaching pointes
Ovulatory dysfunction may sometimes be treated with correction of medical disease or change of medications. Most often, ovulatory dysfunction is treated empirically with ovulation induction agents such as clomiphene citrate. A thorough understanding of the normal physiology and pathophysiology of the menstrual cycle aids greatly in the understanding of ovulatory dysfunction.

34. Teaching pointes
Management of tubal disease is often surgical, including lysis of adhesions and removal of tubal obstruction via either laparoscopy or laparotomy, depending on the severity of the disease.
Male fertility problems include varicocele, duct obstruction, sperm antibodies, hypogonadism, testicular hyperthermia, drug use and industrial pollutants.