Chapter 7 Sections 3 & 4 volcanoes.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 7 Sections 3 & 4 volcanoes

Volcanic Eruptions As magma heats up it becomes LESS dense and flows upwards. If there is an opening in the crust, it will reach the earth’s surface – a volcano is born!

Inside a volcano

ERUPTIONS As magma rises the pressure surrounding it decreases. (It is not as deep anymore) This allows gases in and around the magma to expand. These expanding gases push the magma out of the volcano. Eruptions can spew out Ash – fine dust specks Cinders – pebble-sized particles Bombs – baseball to car sized pieces!

CINDERS ASH BOMBS!

2 types of eruptions QUIET: magma low in silica; magma flows easily, gases bubble out slowly and gently. EXPLOSIVE: magma high in silica; thick/sticky; doesn’t always flow out of the crater; can plug it like a cork; gases get trapped and build up pressure until they “explode”. PYROCLASTIC FLOW: when the volcano hurls out a mixture of hot gases, ash, cinders, and bombs.

QUIET EXPLOSIVE

SCARY PYROCLASTIC FLOW! Mt. Pinatubo Philippines 1991 eruption

More pyroclastic flows

Edge of a pyroclastic flow

Pyroclastic flows cause tremendous damage!

Volcano Hazards Fire Ash can bury towns Landslides Mudslides Flooding (melted snow)

Stages of Volcanic Activity Volcanoes are classified as: ACTIVE – a live volcano that is erupting or will in the near future DORMANT – “sleeping” may erupt again EXTINCT – a dead volcano; unlikely to ever erupt again.

TYPES OF VOLCANOES Wide, gently sloping, usually form at a hot spot, lava pours out gently Lava has high viscosity, steep, cone shaped hill, more explosive eruptions Combination of both; sometimes gently flowing lava, sometimes explosive, alternating layers of ash/cinders & lava

Click for the video clip!

Other volcanic landforms Lava plateau – lava flows out of several long cracks in an area and eventually over hundreds of years build up to form a plateau

Calderas Caldera – huge hole left by the collapse of volcano

Soils from Lava & Ash When hardened lava erodes and forms soil, phosphorous, potassium and other important minerals are released. These make the soil very fertile.

Dikes and Sills When magma forces itself across rock layers it hardens into a DIKE. When magma squeezes between horizontal layers of rock it forms a SILL.

Dikes & Sills in New Zealand

Volcanic Necks Forms when magma hardens in the volcano’s pipe and the softer rock surrounding it erodes away.

Batholiths & Dome Mountains Batholith: large rock masses form the core of many mtn ranges; formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust. Dome Mountain: smaller bodies of hardened magma

Sierra Batholith (Yosemite Nat’l Park) Batholiths Sierra Batholith (Yosemite Nat’l Park)

Dome Mountains

Geothermal Activity Geo – means “earth” Therme – means “heat” Geothermal is heat produced by the Earth (actually magma!) Hot springs & Geysers are types of geothermal activity found in volcanic areas.

In ARKANSAS In IDAHO Hot Springs

GEYSERS (New Zealand)