The Athenian Acropolis and the Classical Moment

The Archaic Acropolis in Athens in 481 BC The Classical Acropolis in Athens in 400 BC I. The making of a “Classical moment” in Periclean Athens ( BC ) The Mycenaean-era Acropolis in Athens 1400 BC 1. 2.

I. A. Historical context: What gave Athenians an unprecedented sense of confidence to venture beyond the designs of the Early Classical period? leading Athens 461 to 429 BC Pericles 480 BC 450 Early ClassicalClassical period 323 Temple of Hera II at Paestum Temple of Zeus at Olympia The Parthenon in Athens The Erechtheion in Athens Hellen -istic 3.

The Parthenon (Temple of Athena Parthenos), Athens, Greece, BC II. The Parthenon as masterwork of the Classical moment west side (back)

The Classical Parthenon II. A. Early Classical vs. Classical temple designs - – what are the characteristics of Classical design seen in the Parthenon? 4. Early Classical Temple of Hera II

The Classical Parthenon Early Classical Temple of Hera II Archaic Temple of Hera I II. A.

The Classical Parthenon II. A. 4. Early Classical Temple of Hera II

The Parthenon II. A.

The Parthenon II. A.

The Classical Moment B.C.Pythagorean symmetria (Early Classical) numbers rule The Parthenon II. B. A revolution in Greek architectural theory gives rise to the Classical Parthenon Temple of Hera II, Paestum

II. B. 1. How can we understand the intended effect of the optical adjustments on the viewing public? compensation theory exaggeration theorytension theory

II. A. 2. What do the some of the optical adjustments signify in terms of the new emphasis on human experience? The Parthenon

The Classical Parthenon II. C. Other ways in which the Parthenon was a unique among Greek temples at the time 8. Early Classical Temple of Hera II

II. C. 1. How was the Parthenon a civic temple in Periclean Athens? The pananthenaic procession to the Parthenon on the Arcopolis in Athens

II. C. 1. The Parthenon: continuous frieze of Panathenaic procession around cella exterior

II. C. 2. What is the evidence that the Greeks were interested in producing a true interior space in the Parthenon? The Classical Parthenon Early Classical Temple of Hera II at Paestum 8. 1.

The Parthenon, Athens Ephesos Samos II. C. 3. How were the Athenians making an imperialist statement to the Greek world?

continuous frieze II. C. 3. a. How does the Ionic order differ from the Doric?

Archaic Ionic temples Temple of Artemis at Ephesos, Turkey (formerly Ionia), BC Temple of Hera IV at Samos BC II. C. 3. a.

The Parthenon: an Ionic frieze running along the cella and porch of this Doric temple II. C. 3. b. What are some elements of the Ionic order in the Doric Parthenon?

Ionic Temple of Artemis Deep columned porch of the Doric Parthenon II. C. 3. b. What are some elements of the Ionic order in the Doric Parthenon?

Named for Erechtheus, a legendary king of Athens The Erechtheion, Athens, Greece, B.C.; Kallikrates, arch. III. The Erechtheion: How would a Classical architect design a temple on uneven topography in honor of pre-Classical mythical events? west sideeast side

The Acropolis before Persian sack in 481 BCThe Acropolis in Athens in 400 BC III. Temple of Athena PoliasThe Erechtheion

III. Emerging from the Propylaia: a Democratic choice – optimal visual information ErechtheionParthenon

III. A. What non-traditional architectural ingenuity accommodated the Erechtheion’s pre-Classcial shrines on the: 1. west side? Erechtheion West (garden shrines)

engaged column – ⅓, ½, or ¾ column attached to a wall III. A. 1. The Erechtheion, west elevation

The Erechtheion, north elevation III. A. 2. north side

III. A. 2. Erechtheion – inside the western chambers

The Erechtheion, north porch seen from east III. A. 2.

The Erechtheion, east elevation III. A. 3. the east side?

The Erechtheion, south elevation V. A. 4. the south side?

The Erechtheion, caryatid porch III. A. 4. What is a caryatid?

The Erechtheion, caryatid porch III. A. 4.

The Erechtheion III. B. The creative classical architect, Kallikrates’ designs solutions for the Erechtheion 1. What practical reasons may have led to the use of the Ionic order here? east and north porch

III. B. 2. Why is the Doric order inherently problematic (the corner problem)? columns evenly spaced → metope stretched by half a triglyph width metopes equal in width → corner intercolumniation must be contracted Archaic proportions → no problem according to Greek architect Hermogenes (3rd cen. BC), Vitruvius’ most frequently cited source (Vitr., De arch ) The Three Greek Classical OrdersInherent “defect” in the Doric order

III. B. 2. The Erechtheion Corner irregularities with the capital of the Ionic order as well

III. B. 3. Jewel-like ornateness in the Erechtheion’s Ionic order The Erechtheion