Sudan and the End of Empire; Legacies of Empire HIST 4339.

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Sudan and the End of Empire; Legacies of Empire HIST 4339

Final Exam Sat, 7:30-10:00pm, CLUB 4 Exam will reward familiarity with readings 4 IDs (out of 8 choices) One essay (2/3 choices)

Outline Sudanese nationalism and independence Suez crisis Legacies of empire

Southern Policy Separation of south from north Encouragement of development of southern culture Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

Nuba Policy Extension of Southern Policy British politicization and alteration of existing divisions and communities Northern and Southern Sudan (Salih 419)

Sudanese Nationalism 1938: establishment of “Graduates’ General Congress” (educated Sudanese) 1942: Sudanese leaders demand “right of self- determination” at WWII end 1946: draft treaty renegotiating Sudan’s status leaves all parties unhappy

Draft Treaty (1946) “... will have for its essential objective to secure the well-being of the Sudan... the development of self-government, and consequently the right to choose the future status of the Sudan. Until... full common agreement... the Agreement of 1899 will continue and Article 11 of the Treaty of will remain in force.”

Sudanese Nationalism 1952: military revolution in Egypt, Egyptian call for Sudanese independence 1953: British agree to Egyptian proposal

Sudanese Independence 1955: Sudanese demand that Britain withdraw troops Dec 1955: Sudanese declaration of independence 1 Jan 1956: official transfer of power in Khartoum

Egypt: Suez Crisis Egyptian leader Col. Gamal Abdul Nasser accepts Soviet military aid July 1956: Nasser’s nationalization of Suez canal

Egypt: Suez Crisis Nov 1956: Britain’s disastrous military operation to regain canal Britain no longer a world power

Legacies of Empire: Bengal Borderlands Little immediate impact Complicated traditional social and economic patterns Also created new opportunities and new forms of work

Legacies of Empire: Kuwait-Iraq 1922: Percy Cox draws Saudi boundaries 1923: Cox defines Kuwait-Iraq boundary (vaguely) Tension over territory with potential for oil

Legacies of Empire: Sudan North-South civil war: 1.5 million dead Darfur genocide: 300,000 dead, 4m refugees 9 Jul 2011: South Sudan secession

Conclusions Imperial policies still affect today’s world Territorial and ethnic conflicts

Conclusions Political achievements of anti-colonial leaders Cultural achievements (Rushdie, Achebe, Ngugi)

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