Cardiovascular, Lymphatic and Systematic Diseases

Septicemia/blood poisoning  Septicemia is a serious, life-threatening infection that gets worse very quickly. It can arise from infections throughout the body, including infections in the lungs, abdomen, and urinary tract.  It may come before or at the same time as infections of the bone (osteomyelitis), central nervous system (meningitis), heart (endocarditis), or other tissues.

Symptoms  Septicemia can begin with spiking fevers, chills, rapid breathing, and rapid heart rate. The person looks very ill.  The symptoms rapidly progress to shock with fever or decreased body temperature (hypothermia), falling blood pressure, confusion or other changes in mental status, and blood clotting problems that lead to a specific type of red spots on the skin (petechiae and ecchymosis).  There may be decreased or no urine output.

Physical signs  Low blood pressure  Low body temperature or fever  Signs of associated disease (such as meningitis, epiglottitis, pneumonia, or cellulitis)

Treatment  Septicemia is a serious condition that requires a hospital stay. You may be admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU).  Fluids and medicines are given by an IV to maintain the blood pressure.  Oxygen will be given. Antibiotics are used to treat the infection.  Plasma or other blood products may be given to correct any clotting abnormalitie

Diagnosis  Blood culture  Blood gases  Clotting studies  PT  PTT  Fibrinogen levels  CSF culture  Culture of any suspect skin lesion  Platelet count  Urine culture

Puerpural fever  Also known as childbed fever  Caused by group A, beta hemolytic streptococci (S. pyogenes)  Sample – blood collection Symptoms:  Fever-flu  Abdominal pain  Foul-smelling vaginal discharge  Abnormal vaginal bleeding

 Misdiagnose – placental remnants / bacterial infection in vaginal

Anthrax

Background  Acquired thru direct contact with Bacillus anthracis spores from infected domestic animals  The animal that plant-eating such as cattle, sheep and goat  Few yrs ago, used as biological weapons  The bacteria is Gram +ve, large, facultative anaerobic and endospore-forming rod  Endospore form only under aerobic condition, so only when the blood spill of the body/tissues  Diagnosis from blood smears  Treated by penicillin and tetracycline

Types of anthrax  Cutaneous anthrax  Respiratory anthrax  Intestinal anthrax

Lyme disease

Lyme Diseases  Also known as Borreliosis  Lyme disease is caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi (B. burgdorferi). Certain ticks carry these bacteria. The ticks pick up the bacteria when they bite mice or deer that are infected with Lyme disease. You can get the disease if you are bitten by an infected tick.

Background  Lyme disease was first reported in the United States in the town of Old Lyme, Connecticut, in Cases have now been reported in most parts of the United States. Most of the cases occur in the Northeast, some parts of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the mid-Atlantic states, and along the Pacific coast. Lyme disease is usually seen during the late spring, summer, and early fall.

Stages  Stage 1 is called primary Lyme disease.  Stage 2 is called secondary Lyme disease and early disseminated Lyme disease.  Stage 3 is called tertiary Lyme disease and chronic persistant Lyme disease

Symptoms  Chills  Fever  Headache  Lethargy  Muscle pain

Later stage  Body-wide itching  Joint inflammation  Stiff neck  Unusual or strange behavior

Vector for Lyme disease

Lyme disease here may be a "bulls eye" rash, a flat or slightly raised red spot at the site of the tick bite. Often there is a clear area in the center. It can be larger than inches wide.

Diagnosis  A blood test can be done to check for antibodies to the bacteria that cause Lyme disease. The most commonly used is the ELISA for Lyme disease test. A western blot test is done to confirm ELISA results.  A physical exam may show joint, heart, or brain problems in people with advanced Lyme disease

Rikettsial systematic diseases Will be presented by your friends

Dengue fever  Caused by arbovirus  Also called as breakbone fever  Severe bone and joint pain  Followed by loss appetite, nausea, high fever, headache, weakness and rashes  Main vector - Aedes aegypti (Asia) and Aedes albopictus (US)  Diagnosis thru serological test  No vaccine available

Protozoan disease (malaria)

Leishmaniasis  Is protozoan infection (Leishmania donovani) by sandflies  Attack only blood cell and will be phagocyte by macrophage  So protozoan continue replication in macrophage and release during rupture  Also known as black poison  Irregular fever, spleen enlargement  Caused fatal after 6mnths yrs

Toxoplasmosis  Caused by toxoplasma gondii  Infected thru contact wt animal feces  Cat that usually feed with undercooked raw meat (raw beef)  That can go thru the placenta and attack the fetus of infected mother

Babesiosis  Transmitted by ticks  Diagnosis thru blood smear  Treatment using chloroquine

Malaria  caused by a parasite (Plasmodium species) that is transmitted from one human to another by the bite of infected Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites (called sporozoites) travel to the liver, where they mature and release another form, the merozoites. These enter the bloodstream and infect the red blood cells.

Background  he name "mal aria" (meaning "bad air" in Italian) was first used in English in 1740 by H. Walpole when describing the disease.  The term was shortened to "malaria" in the 20th century. C. Laveran in 1880 was the first to identify the parasites in human blood

Malaria

Infection period  The parasites multiply inside the red blood cells, which then rupture within 48 to 72 hours, infecting more red blood cells. The first symptoms usually occur 10 days to 4 weeks after infection, though they can appear as early as 8 days or as long as a year after infection. Then the symptoms occur in cycles of 48 to 72 hours.

Cont.  The majority of symptoms are caused by the massive release of merozoites into the bloodstream, the anemia resulting from the destruction of the red blood cells, and the problems caused by large amounts of free hemoglobin released into circulation after red blood cells rupture.anemiahemoglobin  Falciparum malaria, one of four different types of malaria, affects a greater proportion of the red blood cells than the other types and is much more serious. It can be fatal within a few hours of the first symptoms

Symptoms  Anemia  Chills  Coma  Convulsion  Fever  Headache  Jaundice  Muscle pain  Nausea  Stools, bloody  Sweating  Vomiting

Transmission  Malaria can also be transmitted from a mother to her unborn baby (congenitally) and by blood transfusions.  Malaria can be carried by mosquitoes in temperate climates, but the parasite disappears over the winter.

Malarial life cycle

Diagnosis and treatment  During a physical examination, the doctor may identify an enlarged liver or an enlarged spleen. Malaria blood smears taken at 6 to 12 hour intervals confirm the diagnosisenlarged liverenlarged spleen  Chloroquine is a frequently used anti-malarial medication, but quinidine or quinine plus doxycycline, tetracycline, or clindamycin; or atovaquone plus proguanil (Malarone); ormefloquine or artesunate; or the combination of pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine, are given for chloroquine-resistant infections.quininedoxycyclinetetracyclineclindamycinatovaquonemefloquine  The choice of medication depends in part on where you were when you were infected.

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