1. Diseases of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems

2. Cardiovascular System

3. Lymphatic System

4. Lymph node  Found in various location throughout the body  “Inspect” lymph for foreign material such as bacteria, viruses, etc.  Swollen and tender nodes may indicate infection

5. Sepsis  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) caused by infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood  SIRS must exhibit two sets of conditions:  Fever,rapid heart or respiration  High WBC count  Often leads to lymphangitis, inflammation of the lymph vessels  Continued growth of bacteria leads to septic shock and death  Two major forms of sepsis  Gram – sepsis  Gram + sepsis  Systemic inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) caused by infection that releases mediators of inflammation into the blood  SIRS must exhibit two sets of conditions:  Fever,rapid heart or respiration  High WBC count  Often leads to lymphangitis, inflammation of the lymph vessels  Continued growth of bacteria leads to septic shock and death  Two major forms of sepsis  Gram – sepsis  Gram + sepsis

6. Gram Negative Sepsis  Outer LPS layer of Gram – bacteria is a powerful toxin that is released when the bacteria lyses  Symptoms include fever, chills, and severe drop in blood pressure  Rapidly fatal condition with little effective treatment  About 750,000 cases in the US every year, 225,000 are fatal!  Outer LPS layer of Gram – bacteria is a powerful toxin that is released when the bacteria lyses  Symptoms include fever, chills, and severe drop in blood pressure  Rapidly fatal condition with little effective treatment  About 750,000 cases in the US every year, 225,000 are fatal!

7. Gram positive sepsis  Various species of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus are the cause  Release of exotoxin  Often nosocomial in origin  Results from invasive hospital procedure  Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus have become a major problem  Gram positive bacteria are the leading cause of sepsis.  Various species of Staphylococcus and Enterococcus are the cause  Release of exotoxin  Often nosocomial in origin  Results from invasive hospital procedure  Antibiotic resistant strains of Enterococcus have become a major problem  Gram positive bacteria are the leading cause of sepsis.

8. Heart structure

9. Subacute Bacterial Endocarditis  Infection of heart valves  Oral bacteria from dental procedures get into the blood  Lodge on damaged heart valves, causing further valve damage, impairs blood flow  Heart damage and death if not treated  Oral surgery and antibiotics

10. Bacterial endocarditis

11. Anthrax  Bacillus anthracis  G+ spore forming rod  Isolated by Robert Koch in 1877  Zoonotic disease of grazing animals  Human are incidental hosts

12. Cutaneous anthrax  Most common form of anthrax in humans  95% of human cases  Spores enter the skin via small cut and cause a cutaneous lesion  Low mortality  Resolved with antibiotic therapy

13. Other forms of anthrax  Gastrointestinal  Ingest spores from under cooked meat  Rare form of the disease  Causes severe nausea, pain and diarrhea  Mortality rate can be as high as 50%  Gastrointestinal  Ingest spores from under cooked meat  Rare form of the disease  Causes severe nausea, pain and diarrhea  Mortality rate can be as high as 50%  Pulmonary anthrax  Most dangerous form of the disease  Inhale the spores  Systemic spread from the lungs  Rapidly fatal  Nearly 100% mortality  Biological weapon  Vaccine?

14. Gangrene  Loss of blood supply, death of soft tissue  Ischemia - loss of blood supply  Necrosis - tissue death  Clostridium perfringens infection in the dead tissue  Bacterial toxin kills more tissue and gas is produced which causes swelling  Systemic infection when the bacteria and toxin enter the blood  Often fatal without treatment  Antibiotic therapy, amputation in severe cases  Hyperbaric chamber

15. Gangrene  Necrosis – tissue death  Gangrene in the toes can be a complication of diabetes  Anaerobic environment necessary for the infection

16. Vector transmitted diseases  Plague  Lyme disease  Typhus  Rocky Mountain Spotted fever  Plague  Lyme disease  Typhus  Rocky Mountain Spotted fever

17. Plague (Black Death)  Yersinia pestis  Gram – rod  Disease of rats that spreads to humans by infected flea bite  Estimated 25,000,000 deaths in Europe in 5 years in the 14 th century

18. Plague  Three forms of the disease  Bubonic plague, infection of lymphatic system  Septicemic plague, bacteria in the blood  Pneumonic plague, lung infection  Rat is the reservoir, flea is the vector  Three forms of the disease  Bubonic plague, infection of lymphatic system  Septicemic plague, bacteria in the blood  Pneumonic plague, lung infection  Rat is the reservoir, flea is the vector

19. Bubonic plague  Lymphatic system  Buboes  Lymph nodes swell and hemorrhage, turn black, hence the name “black death”  Mortality rate of 50-75%  Death in a week

20. Other form of plague  Systemic plague  Bacteria in blood causing septic shock  Rapidly fatal  Systemic plague  Bacteria in blood causing septic shock  Rapidly fatal  Pneumonic plague  Flea bite is not necessary  Inhalation transmission  Very contagious  Mortality nearly 100%

22. Lyme Disease  Borrelia burgdorferi  Spirochete  Reservoir is the field mouse  Vector is a tick of genus Ixodes  Spread to humans by the tick bite

23. Lyme Disease  Characteristic rash associated with the disease (bulls-eye)  Flu-like initial symptoms  Antibiotic treatment works well for initial symptoms  Some cases linger and become systemic causing meningitis, encephalitis, and arthritis

24. Distribution of Lyme disease in the US

25. Lyme Disease Risk Map

26. Rickettsia  Rickettsia are bacteria; small intracellular parasites  Discovered by Dr. Howard Ricketts as a pathogenic group  This group causes diseases such as typhus, and spotted fever  Dr. Ricketts died in Mexico in 1910 while investigating an outbreak of typhus

27. Epidemic typhus  Caused by the bite of the human body louse carrying the rickettsia  Rickettsia prowazeki  Louse bites and defecates; you scratch the bite and inoculate yourself  Crowded, unsanitary conditions  Prolonged fever, rash, can develop into fatal encephalitis or myocarditis  High mortality rate  Treated with tetracycline and chloramphenicol  Also prevented by better sanitation and control of lice

28. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever  Rickettsial disease transmitted by tick bite  Characteristic rash  Fever, headache, chills rash. Systemic complications include renal failure, gastrointestinal complications  Mortality rate of about 20% if not treated  Chloramphenicol and tetracycline treatment  Disease found mostly in the southeastern US

29. Distribution of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

30. Toxoplasmosis  Protozoan disease that can be contracted by humans  Caused by Toxoplasma gondii  Humans get the disease from infected cats  Especially dangerous to pregnant women who are exposed from infected cat feces  Causes severe fetal damage  Protozoan disease that can be contracted by humans  Caused by Toxoplasma gondii  Humans get the disease from infected cats  Especially dangerous to pregnant women who are exposed from infected cat feces  Causes severe fetal damage

31. Toxoplasmosis life cycle

32. Malaria  Protozoan systemic disease of humans  Caused by various species of genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum)  Very wide spread disease  Effects 300-500 million people, killing 1-2 million people each year  Spread by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito  Protozoan systemic disease of humans  Caused by various species of genus Plasmodium (P. falciparum)  Very wide spread disease  Effects 300-500 million people, killing 1-2 million people each year  Spread by the bite of the infected female Anopheles mosquito

33. Malaria  Complicated life cycle effecting RBC and causing anemia  Symptoms are fever, chills and severe headache alternating with no symptoms  Mosquitoes are the vectors, humans are the host  Treatment is mosquito control, sleeping under bed nets, and drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and malarone  Complicated life cycle effecting RBC and causing anemia  Symptoms are fever, chills and severe headache alternating with no symptoms  Mosquitoes are the vectors, humans are the host  Treatment is mosquito control, sleeping under bed nets, and drugs such as chloroquine, mefloquine, and malarone

34. Malaria life cycle