Learning Standards 5. Construction Technologies Construction technology involves building structures in order to contain, shelter, manufacture, transport, communicate, and provide recreation. 5.2 Identify and describe three major types of bridges (e.g., arch, beam, and suspension) and their appropriate uses (e.g., site, span, resources, and load). 5.3 Explain how the forces of tension, compression, torsion, bending, and shear affect the performance of bridges. 5.4 Describe and explain the effects of loads and structural shapes on bridges.

Learning Objectives 1)Define Bridge 2) Identify & describe 5 major parts of a bridge 3) Identify & describe 5 forces that affect bridges 4) Identify & describe 7 types of bridges At the conclusion of the lesson students will be able to:

A structure built to span a physical obstacle

Parts of a Bridge Surface on which traffic moves Deck Heavy supports at the end of a bridge Abutments Pier Heavy column that holds up a bridge Tower Heavy column above the bridge that supports cables Span Distance between 2 supports or towers Thick wire that supports the deck of the bridge Cables

Parts of a Bridge Triangular framework used to support the bridge Truss

Stepping Stones Early Bridges Log Over a Stream The first bridges were:

Early Bridges Later people used large flat rocks connect the stepping stones allowing them to cross over the bridge with small carts

Forces Upon Bridges A force that pushes Compression A force that pulls Tension A force that twists A force acting across any structure Shear What happens when something heavy crosses a structure Bending Forces must be considered when building bridges Torsion Click here to learn more about the forces that affect bridges

Most common & oldest type of bridge Example: Highway overpasses Beam Bridge

Longer Beam Bridges need piers for support along the span Beam Bridge Unsupported beams can span distances only up to 250 feet

Top of Beam Bridges & piers are under COMPRESSION Beam Bridge Bottom of Beam Bridges are under TENSION

Drawbridge A Beam Bridge that has surfaces that can be raised or lowered to allow the passage of boats

Arch Bridge First Arch Bridges were made of wedge shaped stones locked in a curve First designed & created by the Romans

Arch Bridge Arch bridges rely on the force of compression to work effectively

Used to cross very wide spans ( ft) Suspension Bridge Bridge is suspended (hangs) from large vertical cables

Suspension Bridge Cables & abutments (anchorages) are under the force of tension Towers are under the force of compression

Cable Stayed Bridge Cables connected to towers stretch down diagonally to support beam Cheaper & easier to construct than traditional Suspension Bridge

Cable Stayed Bridge Cables are under the force of tension Towers are under the force of compression

Truss Bridge Made of steel beams constructed into rigid triangle shapes called trusses Triangles are considered one of the strongest shapes Why triangles??? The trusses can be above or below the bridge

Truss Bridge Blue Arrows represent Red Arrows represent Forces affecting Truss Bridges TENSION COMPRESSION

Cantilever Bridge (using trusses) Cantilever: Self supporting beam that is fastened to the ground at one end 2 cantilevers meet in the middle & are connected by trusses The strong design of these bridges resist high winds

Types of Bridges Arch Bridge Suspension Bridge Truss Bridge Drawbridge Cable Stayed Bridge Cantilever Bridge Beam Bridge

Braga Bridge Cantilever Bridge (using trusses) 5780 ft long Opened in 1965

Glen Canyon Bridge & Dam Lake Powell, Az Crosses Colorado River Opened in ft long Steel Arch Bridge

Brooklyn Bridge Opened May 24, 1883 – it took 13 years to build Crosses East River in New York City Connects Manhattan & Brooklyn Longest Suspension Bridge in the world when it was built 5989 Feet

Golden Gate Bridge Opened May 27, 1937 Crosses SF Bay Connects SF & Marin County Longest Suspension Bridge in the world when it was built 8981 Feet

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge Opened April 5, ,831 Feet Center Span 6,532 Feet Connects Kobe & Awaji Island Also known as the Pearl Bridge Currently the world’s longest Suspension Bridge Built to withstand 178 MPH winds, earthquakes measuring 8.5 on the Richter Scale & harsh sea currents

Opened October 24, 1929 Crosses Mt. Hope Bay 6,130 Feet Center Span 1,200 Feet Connects Bristol & Portsmouth Rhode Island Mt. Hope Bridge Suspension Bridge

Claiborne Pell Newport Bridge Crosses the Narragansett Bay – Connects Newport & Jamestown Suspension Bridge

Leonard P. Zakim Bunker Hill Memorial Bridge Crosses the Charles River Opened in feet long Widest Cable Stayed Bridge in the world: 183 feet wide

Millau Viaduct

Located in France Tallest bridge in the world – one of the masts has a summit of 1,125 ft Just about as tall as the Empire State Building Opened December 14, 2004 – Took only 3 years to build Total length: 8,071 ft

Millau Viaduct

Veterans Memorial Bridge Somerset, Mass.

London Tower Bridge Drawbridge with Suspension

Providence River Railroad Bridge Drawbridge

Bourne Bridge Arch Bridge (w/ suspended deck) Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Bourne, Ma Opened in 1935 Sagamore Bridge Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Sagamore, Ma Opened in 1935

IWay Bridge – Providence, RI IWay Video Part 1 IWay Video Part 2

Cape Cod Railroad Bridge Lift Bridge Crosses Cape Cod Canal in Bourne, Ma Opened in 1935

MCAS Question Which of the following bridges is an example of a Suspension Bridge? C. 73% A. B. C. D.

MCAS Question A Beam Bridge supporting a toy truck is shown in the diagram below. When an object pushes down on this bridge, the bottom edge experiences a force that tends to pull it apart as shown. What is the type of force labeled X? A. CompressionB. Shear C. TensionD. Torsion C. Tension52%

MCAS Question Support cables in a Suspension Bridge are most stressed by which of the following forces? A. Shear B. Torsion C. Tension D. Compression C. Tension74%

MCAS Question An engineer designing a Suspension Bridge discovers it will need to carry twice the load that was originally estimated. One change the engineer must make to the original design to maintain safety is to increase the A. length of the wires in tension B. diameter of the wires in tension C. height of the support towers D. length of the bridge B. diameter of the wires in tension57%

MCAS Question The diagram below shows the supports of a proposed bridge. Which of the following wooden bridge designs, if built from one support to the other would withstand the heaviest load? D.87% B. A. C. D.

MCAS Question Several students are entering a bridge building contest that requires ice cream sticks & glue to construct the strongest bridge possible. The bridges must be 5 in. wide & span a length of 18 in. Which of the following tests is the most accurate way to determine the strongest span design of these bridges? A. Roll toy cars across each bridge until it collapses B. Place concrete construction blocks on top of each bridge until it collapses C. Stack coins on both ends of each bridge until it collapses D. Place D Cell batteries at the center of each bridge until it collapses D.47%

MCAS Question a. Identify 1 example from the figure that represents a type of Arch Bridge b. Explain how an Arch Bridge is different from a Beam Bridge c. Identify 1 example from the figure that represents a type of Beam Bridge d. Explain how a Beam Bridge is different from a Suspension Bridge The figure below shows examples of bridge numbered 1 through 6.

Scoring Guide Score Point 4

Scoring Guide Score Point 3

Scoring Guide Score Point 2

Scoring Guide Score Point 1

Scoring Guide Score Point 0