1. BRIDGES Beauty and Function

2.  The first bridges were nature-made: trees that fell across creeks or rivers.  The first man-made bridges were most likely made from trees lashed, stones, or vines. HISTORY

3.  Designed amazing arch bridges and viaducts that could withstand nearly anything when other bridges continued to fail.  The Romans discovered the strength of the arch.  The Alcantara bridge, built in 106 A.D. is still standing today – almost 2,000 years later! ROMANS

5.  Compression – when material squeezes together  Tension - when material pulls apart  Bending – when material gets shorter on one side and longer on the other  Shearing – when material slides in opposite directions  Twisting – when the ends of a material twists in opposite directions FORCES ACTING ON A BRIDGE http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/lab/forces.html

6.  A good bridge keeps all the forces in balance; if there is compression there is and equal amount of tension. BALANCING THE FORCES

7.  BEAM BRIDGE  Made of steel, concrete, or wood  Typically shorter than 250’  The longest is the Lake Ponchartrain Causeway, at just under 24 MILES long!Lake Ponchartrain Causeway BRIDGE TYPES

8.  TRUSS BRIDGE  A simple but very strong bridge type made of connected triangle shapes, called a “truss”.  The trusses can be above or below the roadbed.  The World’s longest truss bridge is the Itiksuki Bridge in Japan.Itiksuki Bridge

9.  ARCH BRIDGE  Arch bridges have “abutments” at each end.  The weight of the bridge is forced into and supported by these abutments.  The longest arch bridge in the world is the Chaotianmen Bridge in China. It is 5,712’ long!Chaotianmen Bridge

10.  SUSPENSION BRIDGE  The roadbed of a suspension bridge is supported by cables hanging down from one huge cable spanning between the vertical towers.  The road is “suspended” from these cables.  The world’s longest is the Akashi Kaikyo Bridge in Japan at 12,825 feet!Akashi Kaikyo Bridge

11.  CABLE-STAYED BRIDGE  Use less cable than a suspension bridge by having taller towers and cables that connect to the roadbed beneath it.  The world’s longest cable-stayed bridge is the Sutong Bridge in China at 26,923 feet!Sutong Bridge

17.  Real bridges rely on large nuts and bolts and very strong materials. Model Bridge Engineering

18.  We rely on water-based glue…

19.  You must use smart engineering to overcome weak wood and weak glue. Therefore… Notice how the shorter bottom pieces cross OVER the longer bottom pieces.

21. Which would work for balsa bridges?

22.  With a partner, make FOUR of the wood joints using balsa wood.  Label them. Glue them to poster board,.  Put your names on it and turn in!

23.  Design the side, top, and bottom (roadbed) for a bridge that will meet the size requirements.  Place waxed paper over your design.  Cut balsa pieces to size and glue the JOINTS with a drop of glue.  Use wood joints to strengthen your bridge.

24. BRIDGE TESTING