1. Bridge Research Project
Derrick Gonzales
Period 5

2. Different Types Of Bridges
Arch Bridges: These types of bridges use arch as a main structural component. They are made with one or more hinges, depending on what you are using them for.
Beam Bridges: The basic type of bridges that are supported by beams of various shapes and sizes. They can be inclined or V shape.
Truss Bridges: Popular type of bridge that uses diagonal mesh of posts above the bridge.
Cantilever Bridges: Similar to arch bridges, but support their load not trough vertical bracing but trough diagonal bracing. They often have truss formation both above and below the bridge.
Tied Arch Bridges: Similar to arch bridges, but transfer weight of the bridge and traffic load to the top chord that is connected to the bottom cords in bridge foundation. Often called bowstring bridges.
Suspension Bridges: Bridges that use ropes or cables from the vertical suspender to hold the weight of bridge deck and traffic. Example is the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
Cable-Stayed Bridges: This bridge uses deck cables that are directly connected to one or more vertical columns. Cables are usually connected to columns in two ways- harp design and fan design.

3. Beam Bridges
Beam Bridges are the simplest structural forms for bride spans, supported by an abutment or pier at each end. No moments are transferred throughout the support. These bridges will usually be constructed of steel or reinforced concrete, or a combination of both. Types of construction could have beams side by side with a deck across them, to a main beam either side supporting the deck between them. Beam brides are not limited to a single span. Some viaducts such as the Feiyunjiang in Chine have multiple supported spans supported by piers. Beam Bridges are often only used, for relatively short distances because, unlike truss bridges, they have no build in supports. The only supports are provided by piers. The farther apart its supports, the weaker a beam bridge gets. Since that, beam bridges rarely san more than 250 feet.

4. Arch Bridges
A Arch Bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch. Arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bride and its loads partially into a horizontal trust restrained by the abutments at either side. A Viaduct may be made from a series of arches, although other more structures are used today. There are 5 types of arch bridges, which are Corbel Arch Bridges, Aqueducts and Canal Viaducts, Deck Arch Bridge, Through Arch Bridge, and Tied-Arch Bridge.

5. Suspension Bridges
“Suspension Bridges are a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders”(Wikipedia.com). This type or bridge has cables suspended between towers, and a vertical suspender cables that carry the weight of the deck below, upon which traffic passes. This arrangement allows the deck to be level or to arc upward for additional clearance that is needed. Suspension cables must be anchored at each end of the bridge, since any load added to the bridge is transformed into a tension in these main cables. The main cables then continue past the pillars to the deck-level supports, and further continue to connections with anchors in the ground. The road is supported by vertical suspend cables or rods, called hangers. In some times, towers may sit on a bluff or canyon edge where the road may proceeded directly to the main span.

6. Cantilever Bridges
“A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers, structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end.” For smaller footbridges, the cantilevers may be smaller more simple beams, however large cantilever bridges designed to hold up to raid road use of traffic use trusses built from structural steel or box girders built from pre stressed concrete. “The steel truss cantilever bridge was a major engineering breakthrough when first put into practice, as it can span distances of over 1,500 feet, and can be more easily constructed at difficult crossing by virtue of using little or no falsework.

7. 5 Types of Forces Bridges Are Built To Withstand
A type of force acting on bridges is Compression
Another type of force acting on bridges is Tension
Another type of force acting on bridges is Bending
Another type of force acting on bridges is Shear
And the last type of force acting on bridges is Torsion

8. The Forces of Compression and Tension
Compression: A force that squeezes a material together. When a material is in compression, it tends to become shorter
Tension: A force that stretches a material apart. When a material is in tension, it needs to become longer.

9. The Forces of Bending, Shearing and Torsion
Bending: When a material becomes curved, a side squeezes together and the other side stretches apart. This would be called bending
Shear: Shear is a force that causes parts of a material to slide past another material in opposite directions
Torsion: Torsion is an action that twists a type of material in any way

10. 7 Types of Loads That Bridges Are Built to Withstand
The First Type is called Dead Load
The Second Type is called Live Load
The Third Type is called Settlement Load
The Fourth Type is called Thermal Load
The Fifth Type is called Earthquake Load
The Sixth Type is called Wind Load
And The Final type is called Dynamic Load

11. Dead Load, Live Load, and Settlement Load
Dead Load: Dead load is the weight of the structure itself. Anything permanently attached to the structure is part of the dead load, including the columns, beams, nuts, and bolts.
Live Load: Live load is the weight of stuff on the structure. Things that move in or on the structure like people, furniture etc. are types of live load.
Settlement Load: Settlement Load is the soil beneath a structure settles unevenly. Structures will sink and change shape when they experience this type of load.

12. Thermal Load, Earthquake Load, and Wind Load
Thermal Load: Thermal load is a structure expands or shrinks with the temperature. The temperature causes the beams and columns to change shape and push and pull on other parts of the structure.
Earthquake Load: Earthquake load is when the ground beneath a structure jerks back and fourth during a earthquake.
Wind Load: Wind load is when wind blows on a structure. Wind loads push horizontally on a structure.

13. Dynamic Load
Dynamic Load: Dynamic loads are change over time. From wind gusts to pounding objects create vibrations that can become bigger and more dangerous as time goes on.

14. 3 Most Commonly Used Bridge Shapes
One of the most commonly used type of bridges would be rectangular.
Another commonly used shape would be an arch type of shape
And the final most used shape would be a triangular type shape

15. Rectangular, Arch, and Triangular Bridge Shape Advantages and Disadvantages
Rectangular Bridges: The Rectangular type of bridge is wobbly, and unstable. But the Advantages of a rectangular shape is if you add a diagonal beam, it prevents the rectangle from flopping over.
Arch Bridges: The Arch Bridge is bad when force acts on the arch. The Advantage of one of these is if you add buttresses on the sides of each arch, it will prevent it from bending.
Triangular Bridges: The Triangular bride is bad when the outer edge squeezes together, and the inner edge pulls apart, causing it to bend. Advantages of a triangle is when the top of the triangle is pushed, allowing nothing to go in making it strong.

16. Golden Gate Bridge
Location: The Golden Gate Bridge is located in San Francisco, Marin County, California.
Length: The Golden Gate Bridge is 8,981 feet.
Bridge Designers: Joseph Strauss, Charles Alton Eliis, and Irving Morrow all designed the Golden Gate Bridge
Materials Used: The Golden Gate Bridge was made out of Steel, and concrete.
When Was it Built: The Golden Gate Bridge was built starting on January 5th 1933 and was completed in May 27, 1937.
How Long Did it Take to Built: The Golden Gate Bridge took a little bit over 4 years.

17. Chesapeake Bay Bridge
Location: Cape Charles and Virginia Beach, Virginia, USA.
Length Of The Bridge: 89,760 feet in total length.
Who Designed it: The Chesapeake Bay Bridge was built by Sverdrup & Parcel.
Materials Used: They used Steel, and Concrete.
When Was It Built: It was completed in 1964.
How Long Did It Take To Build: It took A little bit over 3 years to complete.

18. Brooklyn Bridge Location: Manhattan and Brooklyn, New York
Length: The length of the Brooklyn Bridge is 3,460 feet
Designers of the Bridge: John A. Roebling, and Washington A. Roebling.
Materials Used: It was made from Steel, and Granite
When was it Built: Brooklyn Bridge was built on January 3, 1870.
How Long Did it Take: It took around a little bit more then 3 years.