1 STATUS OF EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN INDIA STATUS OF EDUCATION AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION IN INDIAASERF Apeejay Stya Education Research Foundation

2 Status of Education and Vocational Education in India Indian education system largest in Common wealth countries and 2nd largest in the world next to USA. Tremendous Growth since Independence, but still: The gross enrolment ratio –Classes (I-V) (6-11 years) 109.4% –Classes (VI-VIII) (11-14 years) 71.15% –Classes (I-VIII) (6-14 years) 94.92% –Classes (IX-X) (14-16 years) 52.26% –Classes (XI-XII) (16-18 years)28.54% –Higher Education (18-24 yrs) % The drop out rate –Classes (I-V) (6-11 years) % –Classes (I-VIII) (6-14 years) % –Classes (I-X) (6-16 years) % These high drop out rates from both primary and secondary school, combined with low enrolment rates at the higher levels deprive tens of millions of children of their full rights as citizens. Source: Selected Educational statistics (Abstract) , MHRD, Govt. of India Source: Selected Educational statistics (Abstract) , MHRD, Govt. of India Contd…… Contd……

3 Out of approx. 211 million children in the (6-14 yrs) age group % are enrolled in schools.Out of approx. 211 million children in the (6-14 yrs) age group % are enrolled in schools. More than 35 million children in the (6-14) age group are out of schoolMore than 35 million children in the (6-14) age group are out of school Net primary school enrolment/attendance is only 77%Net primary school enrolment/attendance is only 77% By year 2016 there will be approx. 500 million people with less than five yrs of schoolingBy year 2016 there will be approx. 500 million people with less than five yrs of schooling Another 300 million that will not have completed high school. Two third of the population will lack minimum level of educationAnother 300 million that will not have completed high school. Two third of the population will lack minimum level of educationContd….

4 More than 50 % of the girls in the country do not enroll in schoolsMore than 50 % of the girls in the country do not enroll in schools Only 45.8 % girls complete education in rural areas as compared to 66.3 % boys. In urban areas, 66.3 % girls complete education as opposed to 80.3 % boysOnly 45.8 % girls complete education in rural areas as compared to 66.3 % boys. In urban areas, 66.3 % girls complete education as opposed to 80.3 % boys Children put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week, at the cost of educationChildren put in an average of 21 hours of labour per week, at the cost of education 60 million children are thought to be child labourers60 million children are thought to be child labourers 35% of our population are still illiterate35% of our population are still illiterate Source: (Data compiled from figures provided by CRY, NGO Global March Against Child Labour, and UNICEF), (UNICEF-India-Statistics (2004), (Report of the Committee on India Vision 2020, Planning Commission, 2002)

5 Vocational training and self-employment avenues Every year 5.5 million students pass out of Class X, of which 3.3 million go to Class XI, leaving 2.2 million out of the education stream.Every year 5.5 million students pass out of Class X, of which 3.3 million go to Class XI, leaving 2.2 million out of the education stream. Those who drop out after Class VIII are approx million.Those who drop out after Class VIII are approx million. Urgent attention needed for this 21 million-target group.Urgent attention needed for this 21 million-target group. Available formal training capacity of the country - only 2.3 million students.Available formal training capacity of the country - only 2.3 million students. This leaves a gap of 18.7 million. The ITI system needs to be revamped to fill up this gap.This leaves a gap of 18.7 million. The ITI system needs to be revamped to fill up this gap.Contd…

6 Among persons of age 15 years and above:Among persons of age 15 years and above: –Only 2 % had any type of technical degrees/ diplomas/ certificates. –The proportion was only 1% in the rural areas and 5 % in the urban. Only 40 % of the 55,000 instructors have undergone a full instructor-training course” (Urgent need to look into training of trainers) (Planning Commission).Only 40 % of the 55,000 instructors have undergone a full instructor-training course” (Urgent need to look into training of trainers) (Planning Commission). About 95% of the world youth ( yrs) age learn any type of vocation / skill / trade, with a choice of 3000 vocational streams.About 95% of the world youth ( yrs) age learn any type of vocation / skill / trade, with a choice of 3000 vocational streams. In India we have identified only about 170 trades and only 2-3% of the youth (15-29 yrs) goes in for formal vocational training.In India we have identified only about 170 trades and only 2-3% of the youth (15-29 yrs) goes in for formal vocational training.Contd….

7 The proportion of persons (15-29 yrs) who received formal vocational training was the highest among the unemployed.The proportion of persons (15-29 yrs) who received formal vocational training was the highest among the unemployed. –3 % for the employed –11% for the unemployed, and –2% for persons not in the labour force China has nearly 500,000 senior higher secondary vocational schools, whereas we have about 5100 ITI’s and 6000 VET schools in all.China has nearly 500,000 senior higher secondary vocational schools, whereas we have about 5100 ITI’s and 6000 VET schools in all. To boost Vocational Education and Skill Development Prime Minister in his Independence Day address stated to openTo boost Vocational Education and Skill Development Prime Minister in his Independence Day address stated to open –1600 new ITI’s and Polytechnics –50,000 new Skill Development Centers, It would enable 1 core students to get Vocational training.It would enable 1 core students to get Vocational training.Contd….

8 Compared to many developed countries India is far behind in introducing new and innovative trades in VET to attract young children’s.Compared to many developed countries India is far behind in introducing new and innovative trades in VET to attract young children’s. –About 5% to 7% of our population (50 to 70 million) every year should be involved in vocational programmes. –Of all new employment generated 1% is government jobs,1% is government jobs, 2% are in the ‘Organised sector’ and2% are in the ‘Organised sector’ and 97% in the unorganized sector97% in the unorganized sector Countries labour force in (20-24 yrs) age undergone formal vocational trainingCountries labour force in (20-24 yrs) age undergone formal vocational training –India - 5 % –Mexico - 28 % –Most industrialised nations - 60 to 80 % –Korea - 96 %. Contd….

9 Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Israel and China have supported vocational education at the school level on a large scale since the decade of 1970s.Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Israel and China have supported vocational education at the school level on a large scale since the decade of 1970s. A strategy to achieve full employment must include as an important component, a strategy to ensure that all new entrants to the workforce are equipped with the knowledge and skill needed for high productivity and high quality.A strategy to achieve full employment must include as an important component, a strategy to ensure that all new entrants to the workforce are equipped with the knowledge and skill needed for high productivity and high quality. Source: Data compiled from Planning Commission Reports, NSSO, Times of India, The Economic Times

10 Educated Unemployed (Disadvantage education) Unemployed in Rural Areas: 57%Unemployed in Rural Areas: 57% Unemployed in Urban Areas: 65%Unemployed in Urban Areas: 65% TOTAL SKILLED labour force:TOTAL SKILLED labour force: –RURAL - only 8.3 % –URBAN % Only 45 millions have actually registered with employment exchangeOnly 45 millions have actually registered with employment exchange Of all new employment generatedOf all new employment generated Govt. – 1%Govt. – 1% Orgnised Sector – 2%Orgnised Sector – 2% Unorganised Sector – 97%Unorganised Sector – 97% –The unemployment rate of India's graduates are still 17. 2% than the overall unemployment rate of 10.1%. (2.5 million graduate every year) Source: (Employment & Unemployment situation in India, Jan-June 2004, NSS, Govt. of India, 2005); (i Watch); (Times of India, 22nd june 2005)

11 Future of Labour Ecosystem in India Future of Labour Ecosystem in India (based on TLSL report 2006) The potential working (20-59 yrs ) age population estimated in over 761 million - Currently this is 567 million.The potential working (20-59 yrs ) age population estimated in over 761 million - Currently this is 567 million. The govt. is talking about creating 10 million jobs every year, however, the requirement is more than 15 million in a year.The govt. is talking about creating 10 million jobs every year, however, the requirement is more than 15 million in a year. Even if we find 100 million new jobs; 170 million will be out of employment in 2020, this is nearly 30%.Even if we find 100 million new jobs; 170 million will be out of employment in 2020, this is nearly 30%. Unemployment will be higher among SC / STUnemployment will be higher among SC / ST Only around 1.5 % of persons aged 15 years or more in rural areas and less than 5 % in urban areas had technical qualifications of even the most rudimentary kindOnly around 1.5 % of persons aged 15 years or more in rural areas and less than 5 % in urban areas had technical qualifications of even the most rudimentary kind The biggest challenge will be to provide formal education and employment to the huge work force in 2020The biggest challenge will be to provide formal education and employment to the huge work force in 2020 Source: (The report mainly predicts the future of labour ecosystem in India, state wise. ) Source: Team Lease Services Labour Report 2006 (The report mainly predicts the future of labour ecosystem in India, state wise. )

12 Shortage of skill in Various Sectors The projected growth rates in industry and services sectors are expected to generate 60 millions job opportunities during and 156 million during The projected growth rates in industry and services sectors are expected to generate 60 millions job opportunities during and 156 million during Semi-skilled and skilled labour:.Semi-skilled and skilled labour: The shortage of factory workers and construction labourers is already being felt across industries. Engineering industryEngineering industry is growing at a fast pace will be major requirement of skilled/talented manpower in this sector Food industryFood industry is fast-expanding, need professional food scientists and technicians in great number. Media and Entertainment:Media and Entertainment: The demand for animation production services from India is growing. This has opened up innumerable opportunities for students of Design, Fine Arts and Mass Communication. Biotechnology sector:Biotechnology sector: 80 % shortfall of doctorate and post doctorate scientists. Food processing sector:Food processing sector: 65 % shortfall of refrigeration mechanics, electricians’ etc. 70 % shortfall of food safety personnel Condt…..

13 merchandise tradeAdditional 21 million new jobs in merchandise trade by IT and BPOIT and BPO sector could employ 9 million persons directly and indirectly by 2010 manufacturingRaising the rate of growth of manufacturing to 12 % could create 1.6 to 2.9 million direct jobs annually, and another 2-3 times that number indirectly Retail Sector - This sector would throw up 2 million employment by 2010.Retail Sector - demand of 3-5 lakh trained people in the northern region alone by This sector would throw up 2 million employment by Leather -Leather - Based on increased targets for export and domestic demand, it would generate 3 million additional jobs by 2022 Civil Aviation -Civil Aviation - Needs 5400 pilots by the end of the 11th plan. Thereafter, there would be requirement of at least 150 pilots per year as replacements for retirements and normal attrition. Construction sector Contd….Construction sector with a current employment of over 30 million is to witness boom by an annual growth rate of 30% in infrastructure. It would translate large no. of jobs far short of the employable skill available Contd….

14 Health sector:Health sector: Shortage of 5 lakh doctors and 10 lakh Nurses. IT sector :IT sector : Shortage of 5 lakhs (half a million) engineers. Education sector:.Education sector: Faculty shortage of percent. Automobiles: employment expected to increase to 25million by from current 10.5 million, majority in the shop floor of auto manufacturingAutomobiles: employment expected to increase to 25million by from current 10.5 million, majority in the shop floor of auto manufacturing Logistics: will grow in tandem with growth in trade, aviation and tourismLogistics: will grow in tandem with growth in trade, aviation and tourism Banking and Finance sector:.Banking and Finance sector: percent personnel shortage. Aviation sector:.Aviation sector: Severe shortage of pilots and ground duty officials. Textile sector:Textile sector: employ 35 million directly, besides 55 million in its allied sector. Expected to generate additional 14million jobs by 2012 Pharma sector:Pharma sector: Severe shortage of top pharma scientists as research expenditure by pharma companies has quadrupled in the last 5 years. Thus there is a shortage of middle-level and junior scientists too. This has made salaries of top pharma scientists rise to US levels. Project Management Services- labour intensive sector will grow with growth in corporate structure, infrastructure & retail industryProject Management Services-this labour intensive sector will grow with growth in corporate structure, infrastructure & retail industry Source: Data compiled from (FICCI report, New Delhi); (NASSCOM); (NASSCOM McKinsey Report 2006); (Press Release, Ministry of Com. & Ind. April 7, 2006); (Presentation made by NMCC to National Advisory Council, February 18, 2006) (IL&FS, 2008)

15 India’s tremendous potential-Demographic Dividend Working age population to comprise over 63 % of the aggregate by 2016.Working age population to comprise over 63 % of the aggregate by India only large economy with declining age dependency ratios till 2030.India only large economy with declining age dependency ratios till India’s total population in year 2004: 1,080 million, (672 million people in the age-group 15 to 64 years "working age population”).India’s total population in year 2004: 1,080 million, (672 million people in the age-group 15 to 64 years "working age population”). A third of India’s population below 15 years of age and 20 % of the population in the age groups.A third of India’s population below 15 years of age and 20 % of the population in the age groups. Projections indicate the emergence of a young Indian will 800 million in the productive age group by 2015; the comparable no. of China is 600mProjections indicate the emergence of a young Indian will 800 million in the productive age group by 2015; the comparable no. of China is 600m In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with the average age of 37 years in China and the US, 45 in west Europe and 48 in Japan.In 2020, the average Indian will be only 29 years old, compared with the average age of 37 years in China and the US, 45 in west Europe and 48 in Japan. (National Population Policy 2000 ); (BRICS report of Goldman Sachs ), NSSO report Source: (National Population Policy 2000 ); (BRICS report of Goldman Sachs ), NSSO report

16 The challenges are immense and in order to achieve the goals there has to be substantial expansion of quality technical/ vocational education and training for raising employability and productivity.The challenges are immense and in order to achieve the goals there has to be substantial expansion of quality technical/ vocational education and training for raising employability and productivity. The skills provided have to be attuned to:The skills provided have to be attuned to: –New business requirements; –Improving quality of education and trainings at all levels; and –Make technical/ vocational education system more flexible and inclusive for sustainable growth.

17 Appropriate strategies to be adopted Expand and upgrade vocational education and training Expand and upgrade higher technical education Promote research in educational institutions; and Redesign the educational pattern at the school level to facilitate skill development.

18 Government have to redefine its role in:Government have to redefine its role in: – reforming and strengthening vocational education and training –clear policy for facilitating capacity expansion through private sector participation. –make investment in vocational training institutes bankable –promote industry and academia interaction to narrow the existing gap between the demand and supply of the skilled manpower It is very important at this stage to have different problem specific policy because one policy is not going to fit in.It is very important at this stage to have different problem specific policy because one policy is not going to fit in.

19 Challenges to be addressed Disconnect between skills provided and skills required by the industryDisconnect between skills provided and skills required by the industry Revision of course curricula lags behind the need of the industryRevision of course curricula lags behind the need of the industry Out-dated machinery/ tools and technologyOut-dated machinery/ tools and technology Skill demand of Services/ Unorganized Sector are largely unmetSkill demand of Services/ Unorganized Sector are largely unmet Unsatisfactory employability of trainees because of poor quality of trainingUnsatisfactory employability of trainees because of poor quality of training Shortage of trained instructors and low instructor training capacity in the countryShortage of trained instructors and low instructor training capacity in the country Low prestige attached to vocational trainingLow prestige attached to vocational training

20 Recommendations Need for creation of large scale skill development opportunities and infrastructureNeed for creation of large scale skill development opportunities and infrastructure –to meet the demand of skilled work force by the industry and service sector –to keep the economy growing, –to facilitate employability of the rapidly growing work force Integration of vocational education at the school levelIntegration of vocational education at the school level –to impart the basic technical skills to a large number of new entrants to the labour force –Special reorientation for the school drop-outs –through professional career counseling –widespread use of ICT in skill training

21 Skill MappingSkill Mapping –To identify precise skill requirement for the growth of industry-ready manpower FlexibilityFlexibility –Academics should be more flexible and inter- disciplinary. –Vertical as well as horizontal mobility between different stream of education, and –while VE and VT are being dealt with separately, it is essential that both form part of a continuum and a common framework. –Build Specific enterprise skills into all VET programmes

22 Private Sector Participation (PPP model)Private Sector Participation (PPP model) –Participation of private sector to be encouraged at the ITI level of skill development & vocational education and training. –Develop quality ITI’s and Polytechnics with skill development courses in association with industry to run these –Institutionalize and establish coordination between the private sector and the government to run institutions for skill development. –Polytechnics should also be given ' Management quota'. –Participation of industry in operating ITIs and technical institutes be encouraged and a scheme of incentives in terms of IT tax rebate, etc. be considered.

23 –Single window approach for private players, –create an enabling environment for private sector to come forward and invest in ITI’s and Polytechnics. –Corporate model be allowed in education sector to attract investment. –Rules & regulations can be appropriately framed by the Government for regulation. –Independent Autonomous Regulating Agency. Informal training for short duration at affordable fees structureInformal training for short duration at affordable fees structure –expansion of non-formal programmes, based on demand, can bridge the gap between demand and supply of skilled manpower.

24 Funding and Bank LoansFunding and Bank Loans –Bank Loan for self employment to students taking informal training including ITI courses. –Liberal loans for setting up Industrial Training Centers and Vocational Training Institutes. –Well-designed loans (A genuine loan) with Income- contingent repayments, for efficiency reasons to reduce uncertainty and for equity reasons to promote access, since loans will have built-in insurance against inability to repay. –Loans enough to cover all fees including, living costs; –The interest rate to be at government’s cost of long term borrowing.

25 Special Strategy to be planned for remote areasSpecial Strategy to be planned for remote areas Course and Curriculum development:Course and Curriculum development: –Curricula to be revised periodically. –flexible approach in developing courses and curriculum. –Curriculum be developed based of the learning outcome rather than on prescribed rigid format –Add On' specialized vocational courses to be offered at University & Higher Institution level. –Add-on and industry oriented courses be provided for meeting the demand in industry. –Modular system of VET be facilitated at different level giving due weightage to experience in industry and professions. Contd….

26 –Hands on experience be duly rewarded through this process. –A central agency be created for refining courses. –For value addition, 3-6 months courses in banking, insurance, IT, finance, etc. can be offered which can then be outsourced to companies and banks. –Modification of the apprenticeship Training system with focus on imparting incremental skills through short duration courses such as carpentry, plumbing, masonry, tile makers, painters, electricians etc.

27 More and more market oriented popular TradesMore and more market oriented popular Trades –Increase in the number of trades in ITI’s. –Drop unpopular trades and introduce those with new areas of concern keeping in view the demand of the Industry Optimum utilization of available resourcesOptimum utilization of available resources –Infrastructure available in Polytechnics and engineering colleges be utilized optimally by following an integrated model of skill building programmes in these colleges. –Collaborative effort to utilize the existing infrastructure will maximize the resources available –Increase the capacity by running two / three shifts

28 Certification and Standard:Certification and Standard: –An appropriate certificate system should be instituted by the Central and state governments along with industry for certifying the skills of trainees –Certification to be linked with training –Encourage Testing of the skills of trainees by independent assessing bodies –Proficiency test in various trades by independent body. –Skills to be quantified in terms of grades or credits –Separate agency for certification i.e. National Vocational Qualification (NVQ) as in Australia where workers on the job floor can be tested and certified. –Independent Certification: Certification jointly with the Government institution and certified bodies or Industry certification would carry maximum weightage.

29 Autonomous Independent Accreditation agenciesAutonomous Independent Accreditation agencies –The body should include representation of the major stakeholders. –They could have regional offices as well. –Accreditation agencies should be accountable for providing timely accreditationfor providing timely accreditation for ensuring quality training, adequate faculty, updated curriculumfor ensuring quality training, adequate faculty, updated curriculum availability of desired training infrastructure, andavailability of desired training infrastructure, and resources in the accredited institutes.resources in the accredited institutes. –For the desirability of select trade specific independent accreditation bodies could also be examined.

30 Faculty Training with Industry ParticipationFaculty Training with Industry Participation –Training of teachers in upcoming trades and technologies –Faculty training through various fellowship programmes –Industry exposure to Faculty to match the emerging needs of the economy. –Flexible teaching and Cross movement of Faculty to industry and industry personnel to institution to enhance quality of teaching learning process. –Active participation of industry in training programmes conducted in ITI’s and technical institutions. –Encourage employment of retired trained manpower from the defense forces, employ skilled workers from the industry and also retired instructors –A number of autonomous bodies can set up faculty training institutions to provide up to date training. –At least 15 days training every year should be mandatory.

31 Development of Training materialsDevelopment of Training materials –Develop proper teaching learning material for VET keeping in view the requirements of different trades –Re-organize practical sessions in different trades for which latest equipment to the trainees be given priority. –Practical training (hands-on –training) on the shop floor –Project work to be mandatory in industry before the award of ITI certificate, diploma or degree –Vocational education to be more computer aided and computerized programmes should be part of the curriculum.

32 Creating AwarenessCreating Awareness –There is lack of awareness about type of courses, trades, institutions and opportunities in case of VET. –create awareness and provide all possible information in various fields through various means. –Create certain key location/centers where all such type of information’s are provided. –Such center should act as repository of informationas repository of information a testing centera testing center where some of the courses may even be conductedwhere some of the courses may even be conducted provide all information regarding courses, location and certificationprovide all information regarding courses, location and certification

33 Re-branding Vocational Education and Training:Re-branding Vocational Education and Training: –Changing the name of ITIs / ITCs to ‘Skill Development Colleges’ –Sensitization and Publicity campaign to change the mind set –Realization that Skill Development College could provide much better career prospects than going to a general education stream. –Provide option for Higher Education: provide mobility from VET to higher education and vice versa,provide mobility from VET to higher education and vice versa, Eligibility for entry into polytechnics and plus two level of engineering courses.Eligibility for entry into polytechnics and plus two level of engineering courses. Credit for the number of years an ITI student underwent training for admission to a college or a university.Credit for the number of years an ITI student underwent training for admission to a college or a university. –Universities to set up skill development centres with a good degree of autonomy to revive the brand of Vocational education and training

34 AutonomyAutonomy –Autonomous State level Skill Development Corporation –Promote Independent Autonomous accreditation agencies of repute –Autonomy be given to institutions for deciding syllabus, course content etc. as the current system of approval from various regulatory bodies is extremely time consuming.