Steel Tuesday, Sept. 27 Wood Wall Section Pinup Wood Test Review Steel Movie Thursday Sept. 29 Steel Lecture Tuesday, Oct. 4 Steel Team Powerpoint Presentations Thursday Oct. 6 Steel Lecture Friday, Oct. 7 Steel Tower Project Due Tuesday, Oct. 11 Steel Wall Sections Due Thursday Oct. 13 Steel Lecture + Test Review Tuesday, October 18, 1PM Steel Test

Steel Lecture 1- Introduction

It is common today to talk about 'the iron and steel industry' as if it were a single thing; it is today, but historically they were separate products. Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron, with less than 2% carbon content. Carbon is the most cost effective alloying material for iron, but many other alloying elements are also used. Carbon and other elements act as a hardening agents. Steel with increased carbon content can be made harder and stronger than iron, but is also more brittle. Alloys with higher carbon content higher than 2% are known as cast iron. Varying the amount of alloying elements and their distribution in the steel controls qualities such as the hardness, elasticity, ductility, and tensile strength. Increased tensile strength, hence very economical for tension members, or even columns restricted in dimensions due to architectural considerations. Elastic modulus of these steels is not increased by the added elements, hence their use for beams is justified only when deflection (sag) is not a controlling factor.

Donald Duck Presents……………………….the difference between Cast iron Wrought iron Steel (Quicktime Player needed) 4:20http:// (You Tube/Internet) 4 minutes, 20 seconds

Steel videos Today’s Steel Shaping the Future (20 minutes). Steel Production Steel Detailing & The Fabrication Process The Erection of Steel 8:49http:// :20http:// Structural Steel Production (2002) 6 minutes The producation of steel beams and columns has drastically changes over many years and is no longer the dirty, smokestack industry that many imagine. In fact, today's beams and columns are produced primaryly from steel scrap, such as old cars and appliances. This fascinating video, in mpg format, shows the modern process, from shredding scrap through the continuous casting of beams. Other AISC videos:

Ferrous or Non-ferrous Metals are classified as either ferrous or non-ferrous. Ferrous metals are those containing a substantial proportion of iron, such as stainless steel and galvanized iron Non-ferrous metals are all the others, such as aluminum, copper, and zinc.

Ferrous Metals The principle constituent of all ferrous metals is iron, which is the second most abundant metal and fourth most abundant element of earth.

Non-ferrous Metals Almost all non-ferrous metals share one desirable characteristic; they resist corrosion and generally have excellent workability. As with iron and steel, almost all non-ferrous metals used in construction are alloys.

Cast iron usually refers to grey any of a group of iron-based alloys containing more than 2% carbon.iron It is made by remelting iron, often along with substantial quantities of scrap iron and scrap steel, and taking various steps to remove undesirable contaminants such as phosphorus and sulfur. Carbon and silicon content are reduced to the desired levels, which may be anywhere from 2% to 3.5% for carbon and 1% to 3% for silicon depending on the application. Other elements are then added to the melt before the final form is produced by casting. Iron is most commonly melted in blast furnace. After melting is complete, the molten iron is removed or ladled from the hearth of the blast furnace. This process is thought to have been devised by the late 18th century ironmaster John Wilkinson, whose innovative ideas revolutionized the field of metallurgy.iron Crystal Palace Joseph Praxton London 1851 cast iron and glass

Crystal Palace Joseph Praxton London 1851 cast iron and glass More info……

Wrought iron is commercially pure iron, having a very small carbon content (carbon content does not exceed 0.15 percent), but usually contains some slag. It is tough, malleable, ductile and can be easily welded. However, it is too soft to make blades and swords, or at least for their cutting edges, which need to be made of steel with a higher carbon content. Common reference to 'wrought iron' means iron of this composition. However, it should be confined to iron that has been wrought (“worked”) into a finished product. wrought - purified by repeatedly beating with hammer. Wrought iron has been used for thousands of years, and typically represents the "iron" that is referred to throughout history. The last wrought iron plant in the world, in Great Britian closed in The last plant in the US closed in Carbon Steel has replaced wrought iron.

Eiffel Tower Paris Gustaf Eiffel Wrought iron

Galleria Umberto is a public gallery in Naples, southern Italy. It is located directly across from the San Carlo opera house. It was inaugurated in 1890 and was the cornerstone in the decades-long rebuilding of Naples--called the risanamento (lit. "making healthy again)--that lasted until WW1. It was named for Umberto I, king of Italy at the time. It was meant to combine businesses, shops, cafes and social life -- what today might be called a "mall". The design was by Emanuele Rocco and employed modern architectural elements reminiscent of a similar and earlier building in Milan. The "Galleria" is a high and spacious cross-shaped affair surmounted by a glass dome braced by 16 metal ribs. Of the four glass-vaulted wings, one fronts on via Toledo (via Roma), still the main downtown thoroughfare, and another opens onto the San Carlo Theater. It has returned to being an active center of Neapolitan civic life after some years of decay. Retrieved from "

The Primary Metals of Construction Aluminum weather resistance Copper electrical, plumbing, roofing Steel structural

Aluminum Key Factors Light weight lighter weight building enclosure system means a lighter structural frame

Key Factor Weather resistance aluminum oxide forms a natural barrier to the affects of weather Aluminum

Forming process most aluminum components are formed by extrusion which yields very precise section Finishes mill finish bright metal anodized color

Copper Roofing very long life very expensive Plumbing and electrical

Steel Structural framing Roofing / Cladding Interior products

The Home Insurance Company Building William LeBaron Jenney, 1893 Chicago Steel One of the early true skyscrapers. Steel framing was fireproofed with masonry

Steel Forming methods Hot rolling method used to shape heavy steel beams and columns by heating steel and passing back and forth through a set of rollers Cold forming method used to form thin steel components such as door frames and studs

Steel Hot rolling: Eliminates flaws and is used to make structural shapes such as wide-flange beams and channels.

Steel Cold formed Increases strength, but decreases ductility

Steel Strength 50,000 psi Steel is the strongest of the three main structural system materials: steel concrete wood Steel is equally strong in both tension and compression. High strength results in visually light weight structure

Steel Rust requires protective coating paint galvanizing Fire protection spray on cementuous coating insulates steel from heat which causes steel to weaken -Spray -Cladding -Encasement (composite steel & concrete)

Steel Recyclable steel is one of the most recyclable building materials. Recycled steel requires much less energy to produce a ton of steel than starting from raw ingredients. Insensitive -The value of recyclable materials offsets the cost of demolition. *Fun Fact: The automobile is the most recycled product in the U.S.

Steel columns A Kit of Shapes. HSS Hollow Structural Sections

Examples of Standard Shapes of Structural Steel

A Kit Of Shapes HSS Hollow Structural Sections

Steel Off site fabrication. Fabrication coordinated by shop drawings Shop drawings are prepared by the steel fabricator. The drawings indicate: 1.dimensions of each piece of steel 2.How each structural member will be made 3.connections to transmit loads indicated by engineers drawings

Steel Connections Welding Bolting Rivets Testing X-ray Self tensioning bolts

Steel Organizing the Structural System Grid Systems

Organizing the Structural System

Steel Grid Hierarchy Advantages of a grid The grid establishes repetitiveness Repetitiveness simplifies fabrication and assembly processes

Open Web Steel Joists Sometimes called bar joists are shop fabricated, standardized lightweight trusses made from hot-rolled or cold-formed steel sections. Used in a similar fashion to wood joist construction, and they are available in a variety of spans, depths, and load-carrying capacities.

The open web has the advantage of permitting pipes, ducts, and conduits to pass through the joists within the floor construction depth.

Light Gauge Steel Framing Lightweight, or light gauge, metal framing is analogous to wood framing. Instead of wood studs, joists, and rafters, light-gauge steel members, made of cold-formed sheet steel, are used. Instead of using nails, connections are made with screws, bolts, or welds.

Light Gauge Steel Framing Light weight metal framing involved relatively short spans, up to 32 feet, and relatively light loads. System has many advantages it is: lightweight, incombustable, and impervious to decay, warpage, shrinkage and termites. More expensive than wood framing

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