Filling the Gender Data Gap in Agriculture and Rural Development 1

Importance of GDD m Human input/energy crucial to agricultural production & rural development m Data on rural producers (esp. women) still marginally relevant in policy-making m More effective planning through better statistical representation 2

Collecting GDD m Different situations of men & women along socioeconomic lines m Specific contributions to economy m Consequence of roles 3

Need for: m More accurate statistics m Data more relevant to needs & concerns of data users and producers 4

Censuses & Surveys Must adequately address gender differentiation in: Must adequately address gender differentiation in: m Land ownership and use m Access to credit m Labour & time use m Training & extension services m Technology access m Income 5

Statistics Users: m Planners & decision-makers m Development experts m NGOs m General public m Gender equity advocates m Others 6

Producing GDD: m Identify gender issues for special treatment m Identify gender-relevant data m Review existing data sources m Improve existing sources/develop new programmes m Compile, analyse, present, disseminate data 7

Main Information Sources m Censuses (agricultural, population, housing) m Surveys (farm, rural, employment, food consumption, household income/expenditure) m Time-use studies 8

GDD Constraints m Lack of reliable sources m Lack of precision m Inadequate concepts/definitions m Weak analysis m Weak dissemination system m Lack of audience analysis m Competition with other priorities 9

10 Use of sex-disaggregated data Used to better reflect the contribution of men and women, to agricultural activities and the gender dimension of agricultural resource allocation and access to services such as: area of holding, area of holding, cropping patterns, cropping patterns, access to credit and other services, access to credit and other services, use of different agricultural practices. use of different agricultural practices. etc.. etc..

11 Weaknesses in holder concept for reflecting gender dimension to agricultural activities The concept of an agricultural holder as the major decision- maker for the holding may not be enough to provide a realistic picture of the often complex decision-making processes of the holding. Often, different members of the household take responsibility for managing particular aspects of the operations of the holding. Sometimes, women carry out specific activities such as cultivating particular land plots or managing particular livestock activities. There may also be different levels of management; for example, one person may make the strategic decisions (“this year we plant potatoes”), while other people are responsible for operational decisions such as when to plant, who to employ, and how to market.

12 Concepts of Sub-holding and Sub-holder The concepts of sub-holding and sub-holder are introduced to address this issue. A sub-holding is a group of agricultural activities on the holding managed by a particular person in the holder’s household. A sub-holder is a person responsible for managing a sub- holding. This concept is similar to the concept of “plot manager” and “farm operator” used in some countries. Data on sub-holding and sub-holders are recommended for inclusion in the supplementary component of the agricultural census

13 Data items recommended For each holding Identification of sub-holdings. Identification of sub-holdings. Identification of sub-holders. Identification of sub-holders. For each sub-holding Sex of sub-holder. Sex of sub-holder. Age of sub-holder. Age of sub-holder. Area of crops managed for each crop group. Area of crops managed for each crop group. Number of livestock managed for each livestock group. Number of livestock managed for each livestock group.

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15 Number of agricultural households and % Female headed by region

16 Area cultivated / crop by sex of agricultural holder and sub-holder EXAMPLE: BURKINA FASO under-representation of women farmers’ work

17 Average number of male active members per sex of Head of Household EXAMPLE: TANZANIA Female HoHH face greater labour constraints

18 TANZANIA Gender differences in credit use & source: Male-headed HHs: credit > fertiliser & agro-chemicals Female–headed HHs: credit > hired labour & seed purchase Male-headed HHs  credit mainly from cooperative unions Female-headed HHs  credit mainly from family / friends and relatives - TANZANIA

19 Land under individual management (by individual farmer / active HH member) NIGER – access to land by sex of farmer – LAND ACQUISITION

20 Source: RGAC , Niger Distribution of sedentary animals by type of animal, by sex of the owner - NIGER NIGER: Access to animals

21 A higher percent male- headed HHs never has food shortage. A higher percent of female-headed HHs has often or always food shortages. FOOD INSECURITY/POVERTY INDICATOR - TANZANIA

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23 THANK YOU