I NTERNET BASICS Eng. Mohammad Alenezi Content prepared by Eng. Mohd Alenezi

T ABLE OF C ONTENT Introduction  what is the internet?  the history of the internet  What is the world wide web?  Terms to be familiar with Components of the internet Internet concepts The browser Navigating the web Subject Directories Search Engines Useful sites Using Error Messages Definitions

W HAT IS THE I NTERNET ? The Internet is a collection of millions of computers, all linked together on a network to communicate. The Internet is the largest and most well known computer network in the world.

INTRODUCTION Home computer links to internet through:  Phone  Wi-Fi  Wireless  DSL Modem ISP (internet service provider) o In business computers have (NIC) Network Interface Card LAN (local area network) High speed ISP = 1.5 mb/s while normal phone = 30 – 50 kb/s largest ISP connect through Fiber (undersea, satellite)

M ODEM A device used to attach your computer to telephone system, convert data into sound which is sent over the telephone line, the receiving modem turn the sound into data which computer can understand

C OMPUTER N ETWORKS AND THE I NTERNET A network is two or more intelligent devices connected by communication link or wirelessly Network is a collection of hardware and other devices that are connected together so that users can share hardware, software and data. LAN (local area network) Local network connecting computers within the same building WAN (wide area network) more than one local network connecting together

Wireless network

N ETWORKS EXAMPLES

the U.S. Defence research program to develop communication protocols First generation of networking hardware and software ARPANET connects first 4 universities in the United States 1970 – 1973 ARPANET successes to allow scientists to share data The ARPANET grows to 23 hosts connecting universities The ARPANET goes international The term 'Internet' is used for the first time. T HE HISTORY OF I NTERNET

1982 – 87 Bob Kahn and Vint Cerf creates TCP/IP, the common language of all Internet computers 1986, the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF), provides a major backbone communication The World Wide Web is born! the first graphics-based Web browser the Internet in commercial hands Nearly 10 million hosts online. The Internet covers the globe

C OMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET  addresses uniquely identify a mail user and a mail server, Separated by  No blank spaces are allowed Telnet Chat & instant messaging World Wide Web Facebook Twitter

The World Wide Web (www) refers to all of the web pages available on all the HTTP web servers on the Internet protocol based on hypertext developed by Tim Berners-Lee and others Almost support every protocol available on net Internet is not the same thing as the World Wide Web  The Internet is the infrastructure for the World Wide Web  The Internet is also the infrastructure for and file sharing, for instance W HAT IS THE W ORLD W IDE W EB ?

I NTERNET CONCEPTS Clients & Servers IP Addresses Web Pages Hypertext Protocols

Server network  Machines that provides services (web servers, FTP servers) to other machines called servers  The other computers on a network that access network resources through the network server are called clients

IP A DDRESSES & D OMAIN N AMES o IP Addresses  Each machine on the internet is assigned a unique address (IP)  IP addresses are 32-bit numbers looks:  Every web server on the Internet has an IP address, and your computer has one too.  for Domain name  A domain name is an alias for an IP (Internet Protocol) address:  Domain Name Registrars administer Domain names and IP addresses  Generic TLD's (top level domain):.com,.org,.net,.gov,.mil, and the newer.biz,.info, etc.  Country TLD's:.de = Germany,.sc = Seychelles Island,.kw = ?  is a domain name (everything after the protocol up to the next slash, if any) Your browser's address bar will recognize IP addresses just as well as domain names. Every domain name and IP address is unique on the Internet

W EB PAGES Web sit is a collection of web pages are stored on computers called web servers Web pages are accessed with a web browser program like Internet Explorer, Safari, Netscape, Firefox or Opera

H YPERTEXT Hypertext is a document containing words that connect to other documents A single hypertext can contain links(image, video, audio & text) to many documents Using language called HTML ( H yper T ext M arkup L anguage) PROTOCOL In IT a protocol is the special set of rules for communications On the internet TCP/IP protocols are used:  TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) which uses a set of rules to exchange messages with other internet points at the information packet level  IP (Internet Protocol) which uses a set of rules to send and receive messages at the internet address level  FTP (File Transfer Protocol)  HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

C OMPONENTS OF THE INTERNET Internet is made up of  ISP's (internet service provider)  Regional networks (large network)  Backbone networks (major high-speed network) Web servers Accessing Networks Needs  Modem or other network adapter  dialup via the public telephone network or broadband such as cable, DSL, satellite  Web browser  ISP: a service that connects you to the Internet  User ID and password to log on

W HAT IS A W EB B ROWSER ? It’s a basic software enable users in order to travel, find, retrieve, view and send information over the Internet The most popular browsers are Microsoft Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator and Mozilla Firefox Address Bar Standard Buttons Toolbar Menu Bar Title Bar Tab Pages

Scroll Bar Frame Status Bar

T OOLBARS Back Lets you return to pages you've viewed 2. Forward. Lets you move forward through pages you've viewed using the Back button 3. Favorites. Displays a list of the sites you have marked 4. Home. Returns you to your home page. You can designate any Web page as your home page. 5. Refresh. Updates any Web page stored in your disk cache with the latest content 6. Stop. Halts the process of downloading a Web page. 7. Print. Prints the page you're viewing 8. Search. Displays a choice of popular Internet search engines in the left pane. 9. Minimize go to smaller window’s view 10. Maximize go to bigger window’s view 11. Close window

The address bar shows you where are. You can type a URL here to open page. Many URLs are stored can be selected from here for easy revisiting The status bar at the bottom of the page shows how much of incoming file has been loaded This can also be turned off if you don’t want it How to turn the Toolbars on or off? 1. Click on view menu 2. Point to toolbar 3. Submenu appears showing list of toolbars the can be turned on (  ) or off (  ) 4. Click on status bar to turn on or off.

G ENERAL OPTIONS 1)Open the Tools menu and select Internet options. 2)Go to General Tab. 3)For the home page, type the URL of the page you want Explorer to show every time it is started (you can use the "Use Current" button). 4)If you want to start Explorer with a blank page click "Use Blank". 5)Click "Settings". 6)Select when to check for new versions of stored pages -every visit is usually best. 7)Set the amount of space for storage. 8)Click "Ok". 9)Click "Colors", You can set the colors for the text, background, visited links, and unvisited links. 10)Click ok

W HAT IS A URL? URL (Uniform Resource Locater) the combination of protocol, domain name (Or IP address), folder and page (file) name all taken together. Every server on the Internet has an IP number, a unique number consisting of 4 parts separated by dots The IP number is the server's address URLs are translated into numeric addresses using the Internet Domain Name System (DNS). However, it is harder for people to remember numbers than to remember word combinations, so addresses are given "word-based" addresses called URLs. The URL and the IP number are one and the same The standard way to give the address of any resource on the Internet that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW). A URL looks like this: telnet://well.sf.ca.us gopher://gopher.ed.gov

The URL is divided into sections: transfer/transport protocol :// server (or domain). generic top level domain/path/filename, The first part of a URL defines the transport protocol.  (HyperText Transport Protocol) moves graphical, hypertext files  ftp:// (File Transfer Protocol) moves a file between 2 computers  gopher:// (Gopher client) moves text-based files  news: (News group reader) accesses a discussion group  telnet:// (Telnet client) allows remote login to another computer Http is the method by which HTML files are transferred over the web Here are some other important things to know about URLs:  A URL has no spaces  URL always uses forward slashes (/)  If you enter a URL incorrectly, your browser will not be able to locate the site or resource you want.  You can find the URL behind any link by passing your mouse cursor over the link  You don't need to type http: / / at the beginning, the browser will insert it for you

Web page URLs usually begin with the standard protocol identifier Hypertext transfer protocol This part of the URL Next comes the Identifies the Web server folder(s) in which the & domain name Hosting the Web page. Web page is stored, If necessary. This is the Web page document that is to be retrieved and displayed. IP A DDRESSES. URL’ S AND D OMAIN N AMES Protocol web server domain folder page

 Pronouncing internet address  at  The. dot  The / slash  Using favorites Called favorites in Internet Explorer and bookmarks in Netscape, that allows you to save URLs  Searching the web

F AVORITES This stores the title and the URL of the page in a file, and puts the title on the Favorites menu The more sites you add to the Favorites menu, the harder it gets to find, so they should be organized in folders. Those folders will act as sub menus on the Favorite' menu

To organize the Folders in the favorite menu 3 MHD

3 To add the page in folder into favorite menu

WWW (World Wide Web) - all the resources and users on the Internet that are using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Browser- -Contains the basic software information over the Internet. Download To copy data from a remote computer to a local computer. Upload —To send data from a local computer to a remote computer. - is the exchange of messages by telecommunication. E- mail can be distributed to lists of people as well as to individuals. However, you can also send non-text files, such as graphic images and sound files, as attachments sent in binary streams. Home Page - The beginning "page" of any site. HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) - The coding language used to create documents for use on the World Wide Web. T ERMS TO B E F AMILIAR W ITH :

HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) - the set of rules for exchanging files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. Hyperlinks: take you to a different page when you click on them can be text or graphics Search Engine - A web server that collects data from other web servers and puts it into a database. TCP/IP -- TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet URL (Uniform Resource Locator) - The Internet address. The prefix of a URL indicates which area of the Internet will be accessed. URLs look differently depending on the Internet resource you are seeking. Address Bar: where you can type a URL of a page you want to see. Contains the URL of the page you are currently viewing History list: tracks the URL‘ you've visited in the past x weeks Search sites: Google, Yahoo, Ask

N AVIGATING THE W EB The World Wide Web is held together by millions of hypertext links. These may take you from one page to another within a site or off to a far distant site

HISTORY LIST As you browse, each page is recorded in the history list as an Internet shortcut Clicking the history button opens the list in the Explorer bar links can be organized by access date, by site, most visited, or the order of visit If you want to use the History after you have gone offline, open the File menu and turn on the work offline You will be able to visit only the web pages you have visited

T HE H ISTORY L IST Steps to revisit a page listed in the History:  Click the History button  Click on a page title Using the history while working OFFLINE  Open the File menu  Turn on the Work Offline  Click the History button  Click on a folder  Click on a page title  The content of the page will be loaded from the hard disk (cache memory)

D ESKTOP S HORTCUTS Do you use desktop Shortcuts to your most-used applications, or to documents that you want to reopen in a hurry? You can also create desktop shortcuts to Internet sites. Clicking the shortcut will start the Internet explorer and load the page Steps to create a Desktop Shortcut:  Load the web page into the Internet explorer  Right click on the web page  Select Create Shortcut  Click OK

S AVING W EB P AGES Page files are erased from the history list after a while (you decide the period in the Internet options) if you want to keep a page for long-term reference, save it as a file on your hard disk or on a floppy disk. It can then be opened from there at any time later. Steps to save a Web Page:  From the File menu select Save As  Set the folder and the file name  Click the Save button Steps to open a saved Web Page:  From the File menu select Open  Click Browse  Find and select the folder and the file you've saved before  Click Open  Click Ok