Warm-up (in notebook) 1.What was the cash-carry program? Lend-lease program? 2.How did FDR push the US towards war? 3.What was the significance of Pearl Harbor? How was the US Navy affected?

■Essential Question ■Essential Question: –What role did the U.S. play in winning the wars in Europe & the Pacific?

When the U.S. entered WW2 in late 1941, victory seemed remote Germany controlled almost all of Europe Axis armies controlled Northern Africa & threatened the Suez Canal Germany pressed into Russia Japan dominated the western half of the Pacific Ocean But…over the next 2 years, the U.S. & the Allies began to win the wars in Europe & the Pacific

Europe To win the European campaign, 2 different plans were proposed The U.S. wanted to attack across Nazi-controlled France by 1943 England wanted to attack Italy from Northern Africa in 1942 In 1942, U.S.-Anglo troops began the Italian campaign & Stalin was ANGRY In 1943, the Soviet army won at Stalingrad; Germany was never again on the offensive The USSR “freed” Poland, Hungary, Romania

Allies battle U-boats in the Atlantic German “Wolf packs” sink merchant ships Convoys, radar help Allies “Europe First” Strategy Battle of Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad Germany attacked Russia, June 1941 Germany attacked Russia, June 1941 Germany was defeated by 1943 Germany was defeated by 1943 TURNING POINT of the war; Germany retreating (90,000 troops captured) TURNING POINT of the war; Germany retreating (90,000 troops captured)

The Battle of Stalingrad - Background Germans begin “Operation Barbarossa” on June 22, Invasion of Russia goes very quickly. By December Germans are on the verge of taking Moscow. Russian winter halts German advance. Germans dig in, lines stabilize by spring, 1942.

German Goals Capture Stalingrad Move southeast and capture Crimean oil fields Use the capture of Stalingrad as propaganda in war effort

Russian Response Stalin orders all Russians who are able to fight to defense of Stalingrad. Soviets run short on supplies Soviet soldiers ordered not to retreat under any circumstances. Result is fierce urban fighting. ▫Factories and buildings become fortresses for Russians ▫Germans call fighting in Stalingrad “rattenkrieg”  War of the rats

The Eastern Front

The Battle of Stalingrad Aug. 21, 1942 – Feb. 2, 1943 One of the bloodiest battles in human history Between 1.5 and 2 million people killed during battle. Over Russian civilians killed during bombing raids. ▫Ordered not to evacuate by Stalin, in order to increase the morale of defenders.

Turning Point of the War German Army eventually surrounded by Russian Army, trapped at Stalingrad. Germans lose an entire army Germans captured. ▫Only 5000 survive Russian prison camps Germans forced to give up push for Crimean Oil fields After Stalingrad Germans gain no new territory.

The Allies began to win the Battle of the Atlantic in 1941 with Lend-Lease aid, but took control in 1943 with America’s entry into the war

■Allied invasion of North Africa ■Operation Torch ■Key Leaders: –Gen. Dwight Eisenhower –Gen. George Patton ■May 1943 – German & Italian troops surrender in Tunisia

Allied invasion of Italy July 1943 – British & American armies invade Sicily Mussolini overthrown Allies defeat Italy Sept 1943 – Italy surrenders

War in Europe ■Operation Torch (November 1943) ■Casablanca Conference (1943)—unconditional surrender of Axis ■Battle of Atlantic—won by U. S. in 1943 ■Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943 ■September 1944, Italy mainland invaded ■Anzio landings on January 22, 1944 ■Rome fell on June 4, 1944

British & American bombers batter Germany To relieve pressure on Stalin & the Soviet Union, Allied bombers attack German cities Target political & industrial centers Tuskegee Airmen – African American squadron, protected bombers from enemy pilots 1,500+ missions, zero causalities

Carpet Bombing of German Cities Allies begin large scale daylight bombing raids on German cities. Designed to demoralize German citizens and destroy production capacity of Germany. Millions of buildings destroyed, possibly as many as 500,000 German civilians killed.

The long-awaited 2 nd front came on June 6, 1944 with D-Day U.S. & British troops landed at 5 strategic points, pushed through France drove towards Germany Europe

Hedgerows in Normandy Allied ingenuity helped win the war: U.S. soldiers were trained to problem-solve rather than wait for orders

The Road to Victory – WWII Endgame 1944 (1) Operation Fortitude - Calais (2) Operation Overlord D-Day Invasion of Normandy Allies land on the beaches of Nazi-controlled France Europe June 6, 1944 Omaha The beach where many US troops landed & faced heavy German resistance (3) Liberation of Paris August 1944 (4) Battle of the Bulge December January 1945 Last major German counterattack; was unsuccessful & crippled Germany’s forces Leading up to D-Day; Attempt to fool Germans

Operation Fortitude Fictitious army created under command of Gen. Patton Used phony, inflatable tanks & weapons made of cardboard Also, fake scripted radio messages Fooled Hitler & German intelligence, paved the way for an invasion of Normandy

The liberation of Europe Soviet forces move westward, liberating the Balkans. Allied forces move eastward liberating France, and the low countries In April 1945 Soviets and Americans link up at the Elbe River.

Operation Overlord and After ■Teheran Conference—Cross-channel invasion ■June 6, 1944—landings in Normandy (5,000 U. S. casualties on Day One) ■Paris fell August 25, 1944 ■Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 16, 1944—January 26, 1945 ■March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized ■May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered

Ike with Paratroopers before D-Day

Operation Overlord (D-Day) – June 6, 1944 – Allied invasion of France

Normandy Landing (June 6, 1944 ) Higgins Landing Crafts German Prisoners

American troops following their landing on “Omaha” beach

Yalta Conference in February 1945 ■The “Big 3” met at Yalta to discuss post-war Europe given the eminent defeat of Germany: –Stalin refused to give up Eastern Europe but he did agree to “self-determination” –Stalin agreed to send Soviet troops to the Pacific after the German surrender if the USSR could keep Manchuria To recognize the independence & sovereignty of nations in Eastern Europe

Soon after the Yalta Conference in Feb 1945, FDR died…and Harry Truman became president

April 12, 1945 – FDR Dies

Harry Truman (“Give ‘em Hell Harry”)

In late April 1945, the Allies broke through the Eastern & Western Fronts forcing both Italy & Germany to surrender

Hitler and Eva die together in suicide

Führerbunker

The Doolittle Raid on Tokyo on April 18, 1942 was a morale boost U.S. victory at Midway in 1942 gave the Allies naval supremacy “Island-hopping” allowed the Allies to win strategic islands without investing precious time, resources, & American lives

Fighting in the Philippines Allied forces attacked by Japan Gen. Douglas MacArthur forced to evacuate Allied troops surrender, captured, forced to march over 60 miles (Bataan Death March) The Doolittle Raid US planes bombed Tokyo in retaliation for Pearl Harbor; boosted US morale

Battle of Coral Sea Japan attacks New Guinea; Allied forces (US & Australia) defeat the Japanese Momentum shifts toward the US, confidence rising

Turning Point in the Pacific – Battle of Midway Japan hopes to capture Midway, an American naval base in the Pacific US commander Chester Nimitz intercepts the Japanese plans June 4, 1942 – Japan attacks, but US is victorious TURNING POINT: Japan retreats, US on the offensive

America on the offensive – Guadalcanal August 1942 – US attacks Japanese at Guadalcanal on the Solomon Islands Three months of fighting, US victory US troops begin “island-hopping” on the way to Japan

War in the Pacific ■Island Hoping and Leapfrogging ■January 1943, New Guinea Invaded ■Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943 ■Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944 ■Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944 ■Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945 ■Okinawa, April 1, 1945

The Japanese refused to play by according to the Geneva Convention “rules” of war

Iwo Jima – February 19, 1945 Bloodiest Battle in Marine Corp History (6812 die)

World War II in the Pacific Victories at Saipan in 1944 & Iwo Jima & Okinawa in 1945 allowed for bombings on Japan The German surrender in May 1945, allowed the U.S. to turn its full attention towards Japan

Okinawa (April 1, 1945) – largest invasion in history, 300 miles from Japan – defended by 300,000 Japanese (Kamikaze Missions)

Americans bomb Japan ■Tokyo and other Japanese cities firebombed by U.S. ■Estimates of civilian deaths in Tokyo range from 90,000 to over 100,000 ■Most Japanese buildings constructed from wood.

War in the Pacific ■U. S. plans to invade Japan: Operations Coronet and Olympic, but war casualties rise ■Firebombing raids on Tokyo, March 1945 ■Decision to use Atomic Bomb ■August 6, 1945—Hiroshima; August 9, 1945, Nagasaki ■Japanese sue for peace on August 14, 1945 ■Formal Surrender on U. S. Missouri, September 2, 1945.

How did we get Atomic Bombs? ■Manhattan Project – ■J. Robert Oppenheimer, physicist – “Father of the Atomic Bomb”

The Decision to Drop the A-Bomb –The U.S. military favored a full- scale invasion of Tokyo by 1946 –The Japanese refused to surrender thus far & were arming civilians for an Allied invasion –At the Potsdam Conference in July 1945, Truman gave the order to use the atomic bomb (we will address this Thursday)

Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago

Triumph & Tragedy in the Pacific ■In August 1945, the USA forced Japan to surrender by dropping 2 atomic bombs ■Effect of the atomic bomb: –Revenge for Pearl Harbor –Showed the USSR that the USA had the ultimate weapon (began the Cold War nuclear arms race)

Affects of the atomic bomb ■Intense heat created by blast causes blindness. Incinerates everybody and everything in a 1 kilometer radius (0.6 miles). ■Shockwave destroys all wooden buildings in 2 kilometer radius (1.2 miles). ■Radiation exposure kills people near ground zero. Many other people within a 2-3 mile radius develop various forms of cancer. ■Bombs are estimated to have killed more than 200,000 people.

Hiroshima Nagasaki

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

“Little Boy” - Dropped on Hiroshima

Nagasaki – August 9, 1945

“Fat Man” – Dropped on Nagasaki

The aftermath of the A-Bomb

The Road to Victory – WWII Endgame 1945 V-E Day (Victory in Europe) May 8, 1945 Battle of Iwo Jima Feb. 9, 1945 Battle of Okinawa April 1, 1945 Atomic Bomb – Hiroshima August 6 Europe Pacific Atomic Bomb – Nagasaki August 9 V-J Day (Victory in Japan) September 2, 1945 Hitler commits suicide by gunshot April 30, 1945

Balance Sheet ■23 million soldiers and 33 million civilians died world wide ■War cost approximately $1,000,000,000,000 ■9 million Soviets died in Battle ■U. S. lost 294,000 servicemen in combat, 600,000 wounded, and 114,000 others killed in war related accidents.

VJ Day: The War ends!