USAID Office of Food for Peace Dale Skoric Title II Food Aid Programming

The Big Picture Food crisis: With over 1 billion people worldwide (one-sixth of the world population) suffering from hunger, over 30 cases of food-related unrest having erupted around the world since 2008, 25,000 children dying daily from malnutrition, 2 billion people currently suffering from micro-nutrient deficiencies, local food prices in most developing countries being too expensive for hundreds of millions of people, disputes over depleting land resources, the food crisis will continue to threaten lives and livelihoods worldwide. Urbanization: With an urban population that will double in Asia and increase by 150% in Africa between now and 2050, urbanization will create massive social inequities and risks as well as tangible health problems, malnutrition rates, unemployment, and income deficits, which represent an almost permanent threat to the security of billions. Due to population growth alone, the absolute number of people at risk in emergencies is projected to increase. These challenges will call for the humanitarian system to help more people in more places (but, most likely, with fewer resources given the financial shortfall).

The Big Picture The number of people displaced from conflict or violence has increased from 17.4 million in 1997 to 27.5 million in 2010, and displacements are increasingly prolonged.  The impacts of climate change and other extreme weather events, combined with the growth of densely populated urban centers in areas vulnerable to natural disasters, are increasing the risk of large-scale displacement, damage and death due to natural disasters. These trends are reflected in the United Nations World Food Program Appeal funding requirements, which have increased steadily over the last decade, from just under $1 billion in 2000 to $6.8 billion in 2010. 

IDP Trends

Natural Disasters Trends

Office of Food for Peace Source: United Nations Humanitarian Appeal, Consolidated Appeal Process, 2011

Office of Food for Peace Source: United Nations Humanitarian Appeal, Consolidated Appeal Process, 2011

U.S. Food Assistance - General Outline Office of Food for Peace U.S. Food Assistance - General Outline Title I: Trade & Development Assistance USDA Title II: Emergency & Develop. Assistance USAID Title III: Food For Development USAID Title V: Farmer to Farmer USAID Section 416(b): Surplus Donations USDA Emerson Trust: Emergencies USAID/USDA Food for Progress USDA McGovern-Dole Global Food for Education USDA

USAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Office of Food for Peace USAID ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

Food For Peace’s Operating Environment Office of Food for Peace Food For Peace’s Operating Environment Congress OMB Beneficiaries State Department Title II Food Aid Host Governments U.S. Shipping (cargo preference) World Food Program Agribusiness Processors Bag producers PVOs USDA

Legislative Context: Reliance on Agriculture Appropriations Office of Food for Peace Legislative Context: Reliance on Agriculture Appropriations Note: Does not include MARAD reimbursements, carry over funds, and deobligations from prior year agreements. *House proposed FY2012 Budget level.

Title II average cost/metric ton (delivered) Office of Food for Peace Title II average cost/metric ton (delivered)

Office of Food for Peace To Date

Office of Food for Peace CHOOSING A RESPONSE: Is food aid the right response? Who are the right people to be assisted? What are the right commodities for these people? How much is the right amount of commodity? What are the right programs for the vulnerable? How soon are the commodities needed and for how long? (right time)

Office of Food for Peace Production Climate Aid Land Entitlements Policies Markets Imports Prices Markets Prices Production Stocks Wages Availability Income Access Expenditure Health Care Utilization Care Practices Vulnerability Sanitation Policies Water Conflict Climate Economic

Office of Food for Peace Emergencies Non-Emergencies Response to rapid onset and/or complex emergencies Selected post-emergency stabilization activities Address immediate food needs of populations at risk Response to chronic food insecurity Maternal and child health Environmental stabilization Sustainable agriculture Risk mitigation and asset building

EMERGENCY FOOD AID: RESPONSE Office of Food for Peace EMERGENCY FOOD AID: RESPONSE When food insecurity is an issue and food commodities are the most effective, appropriate response An emergency food aid process is initiated if… identified need for food, and beyond capacity of local authorities to respond, and either verification that a humanitarian need exists for food aid, or there is a UN emergency appeal, or there is a U.S. Embassy disaster declaration Examples: Natural Disasters Complex Emergencies – Prolonged civil strife Post-Emergency Stabilization

Constant assessment of the severity of food (in)security Office of Food for Peace Constant assessment of the severity of food (in)security Increasing severity

Office of Food for Peace Most likely food security outcomes (July – September 2011) Horn of Africa Source: FEWSNET

Office of Food for Peace 2010/11 rainfall compared to historical totals since 1950/51 in select pastoral areas of Kenya and Ethiopia Source: FEWSNET

Emergency Food Aid: Peak Needs

Office of Food for Peace

Title II Emergency Food Aid Office of Food for Peace Top Ten Emergency Recipient Countries Overview Over $1.5 billion in FY 2010 Prioritized based on magnitude, severity of needs Title II Emergency Food Aid Country/ Region FY10 (USD mil) Ethiopia $389.5 Sudan $275.7 Haiti $140.7 Kenya $102 Chad $98.2 Pakistan $96.8 Congo $85.7 Zimbabwe $79.5 Afghanistan $42.6 Niger $48.7 24 24 24

CURRENT TITLE II NON-EMRGENCY FOOD AID STRATEGIC COUNTRY APPROACH Current Focus Countries Afghanistan Bangladesh Burkina Faso Burundi Chad DRC Ethiopia Guatemala Haiti Liberia Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mozambique Niger Senegal Sierra Leone Sudan Uganda Zambia Selection criteria using weighted average of three food security indicators: % of children stunted % of population living under $1.25 per day % of population undernourished In FY10, 16 awardees implemented 42 programs in 21 countries, benefitting 7.9 million people. In FY10, development programs used approximately 500,000 MT of food assistance, valued at more than $400 million. Approach refined in 2008, FFP downsized from 32 to 19 countries. The approach applied only to countries which had ongoing Title II programs, countries without previous TII programs may fall within indicator criteria. Further reductions in number of countries is somewhat problematic as we need to stay within market limits for monetization in each country. In FY10, 63.3% of total MT was monetized (~316,500MTs) Reminder: Haiti needs monetization resolution to proceed in FY12

NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: GUIDING QUESTIONS Office of Food for Peace NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: GUIDING QUESTIONS Does the needs assessment reveal chronic food insecurity? Is Title II food aid the appropriate tool for addressing the identified problem? What does the situational analysis reveal about the capacities and resources for the affected country, USAID Mission, potential partners or other donors? Does the Bellmon Analysis indicate sufficient storage and that food aid will not cause a disincentive for local production or marketing?

For new Title II multi-year development programs, FFP works with Missions to put together Food Security Country Frameworks and/or Country Specific Guidance. This includes a detailed assessment to see where Title II resources should be best placed to meet mission objectives. Desire is to have Title II multi-year development programs be “Mission owned” and integrated with other mission programs. All Title II multi-year developent applications should then fit within the broader guidance of the food security framework for any given country. 27

TYPES OF NON-EMERGENCY FOOD AID: ACTIVITY TYPES Food and monetization proceeds support integrated community-based programs with activities in: Maternal/child health and nutrition, with a focus on prevention of malnutrition during the 1000 day window of opportunity Agricultural development/Natural resource management Water/sanitation Microfinance HIV prevention, care and support 28

PROGRAM IMPACT EXAMPLES Impact examples for Title II Development Programs that use a combination of monetization and direct distributions. Haiti: Stunting prevalence showed a 16 percentage point reduction compared to control areas Bangladesh: Child stunting was reduced by 30% and checkups during pregnancy increased from 13% to 84% DRC: 16 kilometers of irrigation canal and 27 kilometers of feeder road repaired, allowing an increase from one to three crop cycles per year. Agriculture co-operative members increased their median annual incomes by 42% Sierra Leone: Farmer yields increased by 77% for cassava, 66% for lowland rice, 65% for vegetable production Ethiopia: Average household asset values increased 20%, food self-sufficiency increased 29% FFP MCHN Development Programs: Show an average 2.4 percentage point reduction per year in chronic malnutrition in young children

Top Ten Non-Emergency Recipient Countries Office of Food for Peace Top Ten Non-Emergency Recipient Countries Overview Over $401 million in FY 2010 Title II Non- Emergency Food Aid Country/ Region FY10 (USD mil) Ethiopia $62.2 Bangladesh $42 Haiti $36.5 Sudan $30.3 Uganda $25 Guatemala Mozambique $19.6 Malawi $18 Madagascar $17.1 Congo $15.6

Food Aid Logistics – Key Issues Office of Food for Peace Food Aid Logistics – Key Issues Port capacity Import requirements Transport routes Road Rail River Air Cost effectiveness Warehousing Locations Cost Monitoring Security

FFP Actions IN PROGRESS to Improve Impact An independent, meta-analysis looking at evidence of program impact across 32 countries between 2006 and 2010. An evidence based research study but Tufts University to determine program graduation options and effective exit strategies. An IFPRI impact evaluation of large-scale, under-two, malnutrition prevention programs to evaluate cost-effectiveness and ration sizes. Inclusion of the 1,000 days approach for all nutrition interventions in all Title II programs. Revision of monetization manual to guide partners on best practices and procedures for completing monetizations. EFSP Program (local and regional procurement, cash and vouchers). Availability of new food aid products with improved nutritional quality in FY11/12.

We Will Deliver