National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education 2007 * Create more Universities (1500 by 2015) * New Regulatory Body (Oversee UGC, AICT, MCI, BAR Council ……..) * Increase Public Spending (1.5 % GDP / 6 % ) * 50 National Universities Expansion Higher Education Sector

National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education 2007 Excellence * Reform Existing Universities * Restructure Undergraduate Colleges: Autonomous Clusters * Promote Enhanced Quality: Student Choices, Teacher Evaluation * Salary Differentials

Action Inclusion Affirmative Action: * Ensure access for all deserving students: (Needs – Blind admission) National Scholarship Scheme Affirmative Action: * Reservation * Use of Deprivation Index Action * Reforms within Existing Systems * Changes in Government Policies * Amendments / New Statutes or Legislation

Challenges in Creating World Class Educational (Research) Institutions Enabling role of Government Organizational Imperatives Role of Academic Leadership Academic and Infrastructure Enablers to Identify and Foster Talent Governing Mechanisms Funding Indian Experience Higher Education : Public or private ? Research : Public Funding Challenges in Creating World Class Educational (Research) Institutions

Higher Education and Research in India Universities: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Training of graduates for government service 1876 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta Mahendralal Sircar (Father LaFont) 1913: C.V.Raman, 1928: Raman Effect J.N.Tata Endowment (Rs. 30, 00, 000) Request to government: £ 5000 per year Curzon on the Tata Scheme (1901): “…..appears to have no relation either to charity, or to suffering or to the Queen or to 300 million of India.” Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984) 1909 Vesting order for establishing Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) Student Selection Placement Performance Alumni Industry - Interface Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) Undergraduate Engineering Education Post-graduate Teaching / Research Alumni ……. “ Brand Equity” IIT Review 2004 Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Science and Engineering Faculty Research Emphasis / PhD degrees Life Sciences Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) – Pune / Kolkata…. Undergraduate Science Education in a Research Ambience

Affiliated College: Undergraduate teaching Autonomous College: Undergraduate and Postgraduate teaching University: Affiliation centre Research Research Institutions: Postgraduate teaching National Laboratories: Research (CSIR, DAE, ICMR, ICAR…) Deemed Universities: Degree granting device Deemed and Customized Universities: Dept. Atomic Energy (DAE), Dept. of Space, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)

Models Research Universities Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, Cambridge, Oxford ………. Faculty and Student Scholarship Indian Models Kolkata, Madras, Delhi, Banaras, Allahabad …….. Pre-independence : Primarily Teaching Post-independence : 1950s – 1960s ---- Surge of Research 1970s ---- Accelerating Decay of Research Specialist Institutions versus the Broad – Based Institutions Small or Large ?? Models

Creating an Ambience Governance Research Facilities - Consolidation - Institution Building - Consolidation - Expansion / Modernization Faculty / Student Performance - Evaluation - Carrot and Stick (Tenure and Rewards) Research Facilities - Funding - Development Corpus Promoting Scholarship - Academic Debate - Participatory Governance - Interdisciplinary Dialogue Creating an Ambience

The Role of Private Philanthropy Public – Private Partnership Parameters of Institutional Performance Students Trained / Degrees Awarded Performance of Alumni Research Papers Published Impact Intellectual Property Patents / Technology Transfer Licensing / Royalty Income Resources Generated Magnitude of Corpus The Role of Private Philanthropy Public – Private Partnership

“....Tata entirely owes it to me that he gets Tata’s request (1899) £ 5000 per year Curzon’s response (1901) “....Tata entirely owes it to me that he gets anything; and if he is not wise enough to accept it, I am ready to drop the whole thing tomorrow.” Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984)

Research and Higher Education : Indian Challenges Science Engineering Medicine Scientific Research “Science” Fragmentation Vs Integration Humanities, Social Sciences, Economics and Management

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING Scientists as Inventors “Often considered distinct, engineering and science are frequently difficult to distinguish” Henry Petroski, American Scientist, 2008, Vol 96, 368. “The scientist seeks to understand what is : the engineer seeks to create what never was” Theodore von Karman

Discovery : Penicillin Invention : Light Bulb Relativity Innovation : Retail Store

Ideas Translation Development Marketable Product “ Success in the laboratory does not always translate into success in the market place “

1997

Pasteur's Quadrant Bohr Pasteur Fundamental Research Edison Use Inspired Research Fundamental Research Edison Average Academic and Industrial R & D Bohr Pasteur

Extending Stokes Diagram IDEAL Financial Resources Administrative flexibility

“Restructuring Indian Universities: Renewed Focus on the Research” or “Reforming Indian Universities: Triad of Universities, Research Institutes and Industries” Restructuring: “Perestroika” (“Glasnost”) Reform: “Paradigm Shift”

Postgraduate RESEARCH Undergraduate TEACHING

Segregating Disciplines Humanities Social Sciences Science Engineering Medicine Agriculture Law The diminishing core of universities

Academic Space IDEAL UNIVERSITIES Research MOST INSTITUTIONS Teaching Pathways for Directed Evolution IDEAL UNIVERSITIES MOST INSTITUTIONS

D C B A _ ~ e Pathways for Reform BARRIER Barrier height Constant Rate of Transformation Barrier height Constant ~ e _ Pathways for Reform Dangers of Reversibility

Factors contributing to barrier height : Transformation (Reform, Restructuring) BARRIER Factors contributing to barrier height : * Academic Faculty * Administrative Structure * Public Will / Political Ambience

Issues Faculty / Students : Recruitment Regional / National Resources : State / Central Governance : Autonomy Academic Responsibility

Those who can teach, should Editorial, Nature Chemical Biology, Dec 2007, 737 Universities : Teaching without Research National Laboratories: Research without Teaching Role of Research Projects in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education: Writing and Communication Skills

“ He who can, does; and he who cannot, teaches” George Bernard Shaw on creative work “ Contrary to popular opinion, it is not usually the equations which need to be understood for the effective communication of science, it is the words. Literacy is important as well as being the door to the world of literature; why is it not taught to graduate students ?” George Batchelor, Research as a life style, Applied Mechanics Reviews, 50, R11, 1997