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Lesson 22 The Navy in the Early Cold War

Learning Objectives Know the reasons for the post World War II decline of the U.S. Navy.Know the reasons for the post World War II decline of the U.S. Navy. Comprehend the impact of the defense reorganizations in 1947 and 1949 on the role of the U.S. naval service.Comprehend the impact of the defense reorganizations in 1947 and 1949 on the role of the U.S. naval service. Know the impact of the balanced force strategy on the role of U.S. naval service.Know the impact of the balanced force strategy on the role of U.S. naval service. Know the factors which provided the impetus for change in national military strategy in 1950.Know the factors which provided the impetus for change in national military strategy in Know the major contributions of the Navy and Marine Corps during the Korean War.Know the major contributions of the Navy and Marine Corps during the Korean War.

Remember our Themes! The Navy as an Instrument of Foreign PolicyThe Navy as an Instrument of Foreign Policy Interaction between Congress and the NavyInteraction between Congress and the Navy Interservice RelationsInterservice Relations TechnologyTechnology LeadershipLeadership Strategy and TacticsStrategy and Tactics Evolution of Naval DoctrineEvolution of Naval Doctrine

The Cold War

The Cold War Constant global confrontation between the Soviet Union and United States.Constant global confrontation between the Soviet Union and United States. Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the two “Superpowers”.Avoidance of direct armed conflict between the two “Superpowers”.

End of World War II United Nations establishedUnited Nations established MacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in JapanMacArthur commands U.S. army of occupation in Japan Germany divided into zones of occupationGermany divided into zones of occupation –Federal Republic of (West) Germany U.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopolyU.S. initially enjoys atomic bomb monopoly –Neglect of conventional military forces begins Communist control of Eastern Europe.Communist control of Eastern Europe. –“Puppet” states dominated by the Soviet Union.

U.S. Naval Forces after WW II Rapid demobilization begins.Rapid demobilization begins. Postwar tasking:Postwar tasking: – Return troops, POWs, and refugees to the U.S. – Minesweeping. Must make do with still-new World War II equipment.Must make do with still-new World War II equipment. Drastic reduction in size of force to 1950:Drastic reduction in size of force to 1950: Small numbers of ships stationed in the Far East and Mediterranean.Small numbers of ships stationed in the Far East and Mediterranean.

Reduction in Force: Navy and Marine Corps Personnel: NavyPersonnel: Navy Personnel: MarinesPersonnel: Marines Major CombatantsMajor Combatants AircraftAircraft ,400,000500, ,00075,000 1, ,0004,300

Search for New Roles AusterityAusterity –No weapons systems except nuke –Navy makes do with WWII equipment InstabilityInstability –Pacific U.S. ambivalence toward China Role of 7 th Fleet and Naval forces Far east –Europe Instability in Turkey, Greece, Italy and France Gradual withdrawal of Brits Groundwork for U.S. role in Med.

National Security Act of 1947 Created DOD as cabinet-level agencyCreated DOD as cabinet-level agency –SECDEF with SECNAV underneath Added Air Force to Armed ForcesAdded Air Force to Armed Forces Created Joint-Chiefs-of-StaffCreated Joint-Chiefs-of-Staff Created Unified Geographic CommandsCreated Unified Geographic Commands Created CIACreated CIA

Unified Commands

Effects for Navy and USMC Preserves naval aviation and the Marine CorpsPreserves naval aviation and the Marine Corps Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal becomes Secretary of DefenseSecretary of the Navy James Forrestal becomes Secretary of Defense Defense Reorganization Act : Department of DefenseDefense Reorganization Act : Department of Defense –Strengthens Secretary of Defense: Johnson replaces Forrestal.

The Air Force “Massive Retaliation” Strategy“Massive Retaliation” Strategy DeterrenceDeterrence Air Force strategic bombing:Air Force strategic bombing: – New first line of defense to replace Navy – No need for naval air (carriers) or Marines Massive reduction of the Department of the Navy proposedMassive reduction of the Department of the Navy proposed B-36 introducedB-36 introduced – Air Force long-range atomic bomber.

Revolt of the Admirals SECDEF Louis Johnson cancels construction of USS United States.SECDEF Louis Johnson cancels construction of USS United States. –First “Super Carrier” of the fleet. –Secretary of the Navy John Sullivan resigns in protest. Marine Corps squadrons cutMarine Corps squadrons cut CNO Admiral Louis Denfeld relieved of duties by Truman.CNO Admiral Louis Denfeld relieved of duties by Truman. Balanced forces strategy eventually accepted.Balanced forces strategy eventually accepted. –Soviets detonate atomic bomb

Containment of Communism “I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressure.” - Harry S Truman evincing the Truman Doctrine

Geographic Concerns PacificPacific – China - Civil War between Communists and Nationalists. Leaders: Mao Tse Tung and Chiang Kai Shek. – Japanese Constitution adopted - relies on U.S. for defense. EuropeEurope – Communist threat to Turkey and Greece – Economic and Military aid to Greece and Turkey. Non-communist governments secured.

Containment Scorecard Marshall Plan - June 1947Marshall Plan - June 1947 – U.S. economic aid to rebuild western Europe Berlin Airlift: June May 1949Berlin Airlift: June May 1949 Communist Coup in Czechosolovakia - February 1948Communist Coup in Czechosolovakia - February Chinese Nationalists evacuate to Formosa Chinese Nationalists evacuate to Formosa. –Communist People’s Republic established on mainland China under Mao –Pact signed with Soviet Union –U.S. supports Chiang’s Nationalist government on Formosa (Taiwan) as legitimate government of China

NATO Established in 1949.Established in –Military Alliance between U.S., Canada, and western Europe with a formal command structure. –Supreme Allied Commander, Europe (Brussels, Belguim) U.S. Commander in Chief, European Command –Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic (Norfolk, Virginia) U.S. Commander in Chief, Atlantic Command –Warsaw Pact established by the Soviet Union to counter NATO in includes eastern European communist states.

The Korean WarThe Korean War

The Korean War 25 June North Korea invades South Korea25 June North Korea invades South Korea –Truman orders U.S. troops from Japan to defend S. Korea United Nations Security Council Resolution - 27 JuneUnited Nations Security Council Resolution - 27 June –Called upon member nations to “render such assistance to the Republic of Korea as may be necessary to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security to the area.” –No veto - Soviet Union boycotts Security Council meeting General Douglas MacArthurGeneral Douglas MacArthur –Commander in Chief - United Nations Command. Includes ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet.

Course of the War Fall of Seoul to North Korean Army.Fall of Seoul to North Korean Army. –U.S. conventional forces inadequate to stop advance. Truman orders U.S./U.N. military responseTruman orders U.S./U.N. military response –2-3 July 1950 Navy first on the scene USS Juneau USS Valley Forge and HMS Triumph Establishes control of SLOC Watched Taiwan/PRC straits General Douglas MacArthur is United Nations CommanderGeneral Douglas MacArthur is United Nations Commander –Conceives of Inchon landing

Inchon

“Frozen” Chosin Advances to the Chosin ReservoirAdvances to the Chosin Reservoir –Attacked by seven Communist Chinese divisions –Soviet supplied mines sunk naval vessels/delayed 7 th fleet Legendary retreat to Hungnam.Legendary retreat to Hungnam. –General O.P. Smith “Gentlemen, we are not retreating. We are merely advancing in another direction.” Chesty Puller, ”We have the Chinese right where we want them. They’re all around us. Makes it easier for us to get them and kill them.” –100,000 troops and equipment evacuated by Seventh Fleet ships.

Course of the War Truman Refuses to use nukes.Truman Refuses to use nukes. –Are nukes practical in limited wars? MacArthur relieved of duty by Truman - 11 April 1951.MacArthur relieved of duty by Truman - 11 April –Threatened bombing of China. Policy contradicted instructions from Truman. –General Matthew Ridgway replaces MacArthur. Peace talks begin at Panmunjom.Peace talks begin at Panmunjom Armistice yields permanent division of Korea.1953 Armistice yields permanent division of Korea. –Death of Stalin –Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) established near 38th parallel. Marines lost 4,267 dead and 23,744 wounded. 42 receive Medal of Honor.Marines lost 4,267 dead and 23,744 wounded. 42 receive Medal of Honor.

Korea Divided Republic of Korea (South Korea) U.S. Ally - Large military presence maintained.U.S. Ally - Large military presence maintained. People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (North Korea) Closed society under communist dictatorship. Soviet and Chinese aid.

Public Law –Define Marine Corps as separate service within DON. –Sized it as min. 3 divisions and 3 air wings –Awarded Marine Corps primacy in Amphibious warfare

Impact of Korean War on the Navy MacArthur: “The Navy and Marines have never shone more brightly than this morning.” (Invasion of Inchon)MacArthur: “The Navy and Marines have never shone more brightly than this morning.” (Invasion of Inchon) – Personnel – Research and development – Groundwork for post 1953 modernized navy – Procurement

Forrestal-class Attack Carrier (CVA) USS Forrestal (CVA 59)

USS Nautilus (SSN 571) Commissioned September 1954.Commissioned September First nuclear-powered submarine.First nuclear-powered submarine. First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.First submarine to cruise under the North Pole.