Copyright © 2011 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. McGraw-Hill/Irwin Chapter 12 Managing New Product Development Teams Avimanyu Datta, Ph.D.

Overview  Many organizations now use cross-functional teams to lead and manage the NPD process.  There is considerable variation in how these teams are formed and managed.  The chapter will look at size, composition, structure, administration, and leadership of teams.

Constructing New Product Development Teams  Team Size  May range from a few members to hundreds.  Bigger is not always better; large teams create more administrative costs and communication problems  Large teams have higher potential for social loafing.  Team Composition  Including members from multiple functions of firm ensures greater coordination between functions.  In 2000, 77% of U.S. firms, 67% of European firms, and 54% of Japanese firms used cross-functional teams.

Constructing New Product Development Teams  Diversity in functional backgrounds increases breadth of knowledge base of team.  Other types of diversity (e.g., organizational tenure, cultural, gender, age, etc.) can be beneficial as well.  Provides broader base of contacts within and beyond firm.  Ensures multiple perspectives are considered.  However, diversity can also raise coordination costs.  Individuals prefer to interact with those they perceive as similar (“homophily”)  May be more difficult to reach shared understanding.  May be lower group cohesion.  Extended contact can overcome some of these challenges.

Boundary-Spanning Activities in NPD Teams  Ancona and Caldwell studied 45 NPD teams to identify the roles team members engage in to collect information and resources within and beyond the firm. Found three primary types:  Ambassador activities: representing team to others and protecting from interference.  Task coordination activities: coordinating team’s activities with other groups.  Scouting activities: scanning for ideas and information that might be useful to the team.  Scouting and ambassador activities more beneficial early in development cycle; task coordination activities beneficial throughout life of team. Research Brief

Structure of New Product Development Teams  One well-known typology of team structure classifies teams into four types:  Functional  Lightweight  Heavyweight  Autonomous

Structure of New Product Development Teams  Functional Teams  Members report to functional manager  Temporary, and members may spend less than 10% of their time on project.  Typically no project manager or dedicated liaison personnel.  Little opportunity for cross-functional integration.  Likely to be appropriate for derivative projects.  Lightweight Teams  Members still report to functional manager.  Temporary, and member may spend less than 25% of their time on project.  Typically have a project manager and dedicated liaison personnel.  Manager is typically junior or middle management.  Likely to be appropriate for derivative projects.

Structure of New Product development Teams  Heavyweight Teams  Members are collocated with project manager.  Manager is typically senior and has significant authority to command resources and evaluate members.  Often still temporary, but core team members often dedicated full-time to project.  Likely to be appropriate for platform projects.

Structure of New Product Development Teams  Autonomous Teams  Members collocated and dedicated full-time (and often permanently) to team.  Project manager is typically very senior manager.  Project manager is given full control over resources contributed from functional departments and has exclusive authority over evaluation and reward of members.  Autonomous teams may have own policies, procedures and reward systems that may be different from rest of firm.  Likely to be appropriate for breakthrough and major platform projects.  Can be difficult to fold back into the organization.

“Platform Teams” at Chrysler  From 1988 to 1996, Chrysler reduced its development cycle from 60 months to 24 months, and kept its development costs remarkably low.  The primary mechanism it used to accomplish this was the formation of cross-functional autonomous development teams (called “platform teams”).  Members were collocated, and given considerable autonomy to achieve target prices.  Close contact kept teams fast, efficient, and flexible. By 1998 Chrysler’s vehicle lineup was considered one of the most innovative in industry. Theory In Action

The Management of New Product Development Teams  Team Leadership  Team leader is responsible for directing team’s activities, maintaining alignment with project goals, and communicating with senior management.  Team leaders impact team performance more directly than senior management or champions.  Different team types need different leader types:  Lightweight teams need junior or middle manager.  Heavyweight and autonomous teams need senior manager with high status, who are good at conflict resolution, and capable of influencing engineering, manufacturing, and marketing functions.

The Management of New Product Development Teams  Team Administration  Many organizations now have heavyweight and autonomous teams develop a project charter and contract book.  Project charter encapsulates the project’s mission and provides measurable goals. May also describe:  Who is on team  Length of time members will be on team  Percentage of time members spend on team  Team budget  Reporting timeline  Key success criteria

The Management of New Product Development Teams  Contract book defines in detail the basic plan to achieve goals laid out in charter. It provides a tool for monitoring and evaluating the team’s performance. Typically provides:  Estimates of resources required  Development time schedule  Results that will be achieved  Team members sign contract book; helps to establish commitment and sense of ownership over project.

The Management of New Product Development Teams  Managing Virtual Teams  In virtual teams, members may be a great distance from each other, but are still able to collaborate intensely via videoconferencing, groupware, , and internet chat programs.  Enables people with special skills to be combined without disruption to their personal lives.  However, may be losses of communication due to lack of proximity and direct, frequent contact.  Requires members who are comfortable with technology, have strong interpersonal skills and work ethic, and can work independently.

Virtual International R&D Teams  Gassman and von Zedtwitz studied 34 technology-intensive multinationals and identified four patterns of virtual international R&D teams: Research Brief

 In 2003, Rick Alden launched Skullcandy, a company that develops headphones with functionality and aesthetics based on snowboarding and skateboarding.  Skullcandy development teams included the heads of industrial design, marketing, and product management, in addition to other “creatives,” and external sources of inspiration such as Mix Master Mike or snoop dogg.  Because of the firm’s small size, most people were involved in several projects simultaneously. The firm also used outside developers for portions of the work.  Team members did not receive financial rewards for individual projects. Instead, they received recognition at monthly “Skullcouncil” meetings, and were rewarded annually based on a review.  75% of the annual bonus was based on individual performance, and 25% was based on overall company performance. Skullcandy: Developing Extreme Headphones

Discussion Questions: 1. What are some of the ways that Skullcandy’s size and growth rate influence its development process? 2. How would you characterize Skullcandy’s new product development team structure? 3. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having Skullcandy employees serve on several project teams simultaneously? 4. What are the challenges associated with measuring and rewarding the performance of Skullcandy development team members? 5. If you were advising the top management of Skullcandy about new product development processes, what recommendations would you make ? Skullcandy: Developing Extreme Headphones

Discussion Questions 1. Why are the tradeoffs in choosing a team's size and level of diversity? 2. What are some of the ways that managers can ensure that a team reaps the advantages of diversity while not being thwarted by some of the challenges team diversity raises? 3. Can you identify an example of a development project, and what type of team you believed they used? Do you think this was the appropriate type of team given the nature of the project? 4. What are some of the advantages and disadvantages of co- location? Are there some types of projects for which “virtual teams” are inappropriate?