“We do not inherit the earth from our parents, we borrow it from our children” – Chief Seattle

Energy use has changed a great deal since people relied solely on the sun, their own strong bodies or beasts of burden as energy resources.

Installed capacity (MW)-over the years Data Source: CEA Website

Installed capacity (MW)-RES in India Data Source: CEA Website

GENERATING CAPACITY IN THE COUNTRY (As on MW) Fuel wise Installed Capacity ( MW) (20381 MW) (4780 MW) (1200 MW) (39623 MW) (28184 MW) Data Source: CEA Website

Per Capita Consumption of Electricity in India

Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission aims to deploy MW of solar power by 2022 Grid connected solar generation to ramp up to 1000 MW by 2013 and to 4000 MW by 2017 A&N Island heavily depends on Diesel based Power Generation (63.2 MW out of 68.5 MW) A&N Govt plans to add 13 MW RE power including Solar BACKGROUND OF 5 MW PV PROJECT

Schematic diagram

SOLAR CELLS A solar cell (also called a photovoltaic cell) is an electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.lightelectricityphotovoltaic effect It is a form of photoelectric cell (in that its electrical characteristics—e.g. current, voltage, or resistance—vary when light is incident upon it) which, when exposed to light, can generate and support an electric current.

Technology Maturity Efficiency Applicability & Availability in India Mono-crystalline silicon Mature, First Generation 15-18% High, proven, High Poly-crystalline silicon Mature, First Generation 13-16% High, proven High Thin Film Scalable, Second Generation 8-11% High, emerging, Limited Concentrated PV Scalable, Second Generation 20-30% Medium, expensive, unproven, Limited TECHNICAL ALTERNATIVES FOR SOLAR FIELD

Thin Film (8-11%) Polycrystalline Mono-crystalline 'Hybrid‘ (17 – 19%) % % Major types of PV cells

PERFORMANCE LOSSES IN PV MODULES PV cells are sensitive to variance in ambient temp and irradiance levels (for 31 0 C amb and 800 kwh/m 2 irradiance level, module temp would be around 46 0 C and around 10% loss in efficiency) Array mismatch loss due to variations in I-V characteristics of modules during manufacturing (could vary bet 1.3 to 1.9%) Cable loss, Inverter loss, Transformer loss etc., Cell efficiency degradation (approx 1% per annum)

Modules: 235 Wp Mono Crystalline Cell Cells per Module: 60 No of Modules: No of Modules per Structure: 24 No of Structures: 888 No of Foundations per Structure: 5 Total No of Foundations: 4440 Photo Voltaic Module used in 5 MW Project at Andaman

Solar PV Value Chain Solar cell Solar PV module Solar PV Array PolysiliconIngot &Wafer

SMA INVERTERS Sunny Central 800 CP Model Nominal AC output 800 kVA 50 0 C Continuous AC 25 0 C 880 kVA Nominal AC Voltage 360 V +/- 10% Internal consumption in operation <1500 W and in standby <100W Max efficiency 98.6% Operation temp range to 50 0 C and RH 15% to 95%

SMA INVERTERS- GRID MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS Remote controlled power reduction in case of Grid overload – Nominal power value transmitted to the Inverter via a ripple control receiver in combination with SMA Power reducer box – Typical limit values are 100,60,30 or 0 % of nominal power Freq dependent control of active power – Grid freq > 50.2 Hz the inverter automatically reduces the fed-in of active power as per the definable characteristic curve

SMA INVERTERS- GRID MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS Limited Dynamic Grid Support – Continues to feed the Grid after short term voltage drops, as long as voltage is within the defined window Dynamic Grid Support – LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through) – Stays connected during voltage drops and supports the Grid by feeding reactive power

a technique that grid-tie inverters, solar battery chargers and similar devices use to get the maximum possible power from solar panelsgrid-tie inverters panels Solar cells have a complex relationship between solar irradiation, temperature and total resistance that produces a non-linear output efficiency which can be analyzed based on the I-V curve.I-V curve It is the purpose of the MPPT system to sample the output of the cells and apply the proper resistance (load) to obtain maximum power for any given environmental conditions MPPT devices are typically integrated into an electric power converter system that provides voltage or current conversion, filtering, and regulation for driving various loads, including power grids, batteries, or motorselectric power converter Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)

Photovoltaic cells have a complex relationship between their operating environment and the maximum power they can produce. The fill factor, abbreviated FF, is a parameter which characterizes the non-linear electrical behaviour of the solar cell. Photovoltaic cellspowerfill factor Fill factor is defined as the ratio of the maximum power from the solar cell to the product of Open Circuit Voltage V oc and Short-Circuit Current I sc. For any given set of operational conditions, cells have a single operating point where the values of the current (I) and Voltage (V) of the cell result in a maximum power output. These values correspond to a particular load resistance, which is equal to V / I as specified by Ohm's Law. The power P is given by P=V*I.currentVoltagepower resistanceOhm's Law A photovoltaic cell, for the majority of its useful curve, acts as a constant current source.constant current source

At a photovoltaic cell's MPP region, its curve has an approximately inverse exponential relationship between current and voltage. This is known as the maximum power point (MPP) and corresponds to the "knee" of the curve. A load with resistance R=V/I equal to the reciprocal of this value draws the maximum power from the device. This is sometimes called the characteristic resistance of the cell. This is a dynamic quantity which changes depending on the level of illumination, as well as other factors such as temperature and the age of the cell. If the resistance is lower or higher than this value, the power drawn will be less than the maximum available, and thus the cell will not be used as efficiently as it could be Maximum power point trackers utilize different types of control circuit or logic to search for this point and thus to allow the converter circuit to extract the maximum power available from a cell. maximum power

P V Modules Erection in Progress

Operation & Maintenance (O&M) One Year O&M Contract included in EPC Contract at a Value of Rs 45,00,000. Security during One Year O&M in the Scope of EPC Contractor. Insurance during O&M Phase – Fire & Allied Perils / Risks in NTPC Scope, All others in EPC Contractors Scope

Employment Opportunities in Renewable energy sector Training Demonstration Implementation of projects at field level Maintenance of systems R &D Activity & designing new systems Consultancy services viz. surveys, system design etc Establishment of Renewable Energy Power Plants Marketing, Retail sales Outlets/ Aditya shops Manufacturing

The 19.9 MW Gemasolar solar plant in Spain features 15 hours of storage and can supply power 24 hours a dayGemasolar

The plant is a 140 m high solar power tower, using molten salt as its heat transfer fluid and energy storage medium.solar power towermolten salt Gemasolar is the first commercial solar plant with central tower receiver and molten salt heat storage technology. It consists of a 185 ha solar field that has a 140-m high tower receiver, a power island and 2650 heliostats, each 120 m 2 and distributed in concentric rings around the tower. The most innovative aspects of the plant, are its molten salt receiver, its heliostats aiming system and its control system. In addition, its storage system allows it to produce electricity for 15 hours without sunlight (at night or on cloudy days).

Gemasolar This storage capacity makes its solar power manageable so that it can be supplied based on demand. The plant has already been able to supply a full day of uninterrupted power supply to the grid, using thermal transfer technologysolar power Gemasolar, with its 19.9 MW of power, can supply 110 GWh per year — enough to supply power to 27,500 homes. The plant has been operational since May 2011

19 MW solar park in Germany

MICRO GRID- THE FUTURE GRID A microgrid is an electrical system that includes multiple loads and distributed energy resources that can be operated in parallel with the broader utility grid or as an electrical island Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power Source: Wikipedia

MICRO GRID- THE FUTURE GRID Micro-grids were proposed in the wake of the July 2012 India blackout: – Some technology sources and USAID proposed that another widespread outage could be prevented by integrated network of microgrids and distributed generation connected seamlessly with the main grid via a superior smart grid technology which includes automated fault detection, islanding and self-healing of the network. Source: Wikipedia

A local microgrid in Sendai, Japan Source: Wikipedia

MICRO GRID- CHALLENGES For reasons of reliability, distributed generation resources would be interconnected to the same transmission grid as central stations Technical problems arise in the areas of power qauality, voltage stability, harmonics, reliability, protection, and control Behaviour of protective devices on the grid must be examined for all combinations of distributed and central station generation. A large scale deployment of distributed generation may affect grid-wide functions such as frequency control and allocation of reserves Source: Wikipedia