Colonial Life Creation of an “American Identity” in the Era of Benign Neglect.

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Presentation transcript:

Colonial Life Creation of an “American Identity” in the Era of Benign Neglect

I. Restoration Colonies

A. Middle Colonies 1. Middle colonies NY, NJ, PENN, DEL, MD 2. Multicultural, tolerant Dutch influence

B. Southern (Proprietary) 1.Carolinas 1670s race ratio 2.Georgia 1732 social experiment buffer zone Oglethorpe

II. Communities of Trade

A. Lower South 1.World contact 1730s - rice & indigo production 2.Absentee landlords Caribbean influence Sea Islands

B. Chesapeake 1.Market agriculture tobacco imports

C. New England 1.Least dependent on Britain 2. Net exporter timber, fish to West Indies Slave trade

D. Middle Colonies 1.Breadbasket 2.Cosmopolitan centers NY, Philadelphia 3.“Best poor man’s country”

III. Community & Work

A. Planter Society 1.Early 1700s: white labor drying up Pressure to move west 2. Growth of slavery 1700: 13% 1776: 40%

3. American patriarchy paterfamilias

4. Few population centers 5. Lack of skilled (free) labor Labor Ideology

B. Slave Culture 1.Seasoning / isolation

2. Community languages Gullah “Mus tek cyear a de root fa heal de tree.” - religion participatory equality before God

3. Culture as resistance Culture of resistance Stono Rebellion, 1739

4. The Price of Slavery militant culture gender gap limited economic development limited democratization

C. Northern/Middle colonies 1.New opportunities economic status

2. Population explosion 1688: 225K 1775: 2.5M 500K (black) 3.Why? - cheap land, tolerance, skilled labor 4.Ethnic diversity Scots-Irish, Welsh, Germans, French

Colonial experience, American identity Interdependence ties together colonies Social patterns erode European traditions Opportunities add to sense of entitlement

The Enlightenment in America

I. 1700s: Age of Reason “Enlightenment” The search for rational basis of law, government, education, philosophy, nature.

A. 1500s-1600s: Religion 1.War oppression extremism Divine Right of Kings

B. Rational self-interest 1.Intellectuals repulsed by Salem 2.“Self-made” men southern planters, northern merchants, free farmers

C. Rational appeal 1.Rationalism/skepticism 2. Optimism 3. Natural Law

D. The English Connection 1. Isaac Newton 1687 – Principia Mathematica Natural Law Religious authority

2. John Locke Glorious Revolution 1689 – Essay Concerning Human Understanding “tabula rasa”

1690 – Two Treatises on Government Contract Theory “Natural Rights” Life, Liberty, Property English Liberalism

II. Empire of Reason

A. Intelligentsia 1. Urban dwellers/planters

B. Churches 1.Deism Harvard theologians - “liberal” Protestantism Innate evil? Innate authority?

C. American perspective 1.Tradition v. usefulness pragmatism Benjamin Franklin -active, confident, improving -Voluntary Associations -Self-education -Social improvement

The First Great Awakening

A. R evivals Anglicans = George Whitfield Methodists = John Wesley Presbyterians = Gilbert Tennant

2. Jonathan Edwards Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, revive Calvinism God-centered universe predestination America cannot shirk its destiny - detested “money-grubbers” moral relativism

B. Causes 1.Economic frustration / competition “River Gods” 2.Women

C. Revivalism 1.American-style Protestantism always looking for converts 2. Blends religion & politics 1760s Connecticut: Old Lights v. New Lights

3. Denominationalism: religious pluralism - end of state-supported churches - revivals split churches - breaks political power of churches

D. Cultural basis of Revolution 1.Required no education: egalitarian 2.Gave poorer, rural colonists common experience 3.Experience was anti-authoritarian

4. Gave colonists common enemy Satan “Millennialism” King of France (Catholic) King of England

The Seven Years War, War for Empire and the Rise of American Nationalism

I. Background Britain & France Colonial / mercantile competition

A. Distinctive colonization 1.British have numbers 2.French have more Indian allies 3.British colonists imbued w/ Millennialism

B. An “American” conflict – Albany Plan of Union based on Iroquois Confederacy 2.Unification fails Britain’s responsibility

– Pitt the Elder “at His Majesty’s Expense” 30,000 British troops 20,000 colonial (militias) 4. Appeal crossed class boundaries

II. Course of the War

A. British losses – negotiations w/ Eastern Tribes

B. British successes , Quebec 1760, Montreal

2. Treaty of Paris, 1763

C. Angry colonists 1.Pontiac’s Rebellion, Proclamation Line of 1763

D. Cultural impact of the war 1.Benign neglect - Americans did not take orders well - shocked at treatment of British soldiers 2. Great Awakening - shocked by Brit conscripts 3. National identity – 4x trade, colonial “mixing” newspaper popularity

End of Benign Neglect Navigation Acts (1664) 1763