PACKING ENGINEERING Travis Huggins Dr. Siripong Malasri Juan Gutierrez Yongquan Zhou  

MEMPHIS AREA ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES CONFERENCE Christian Brothers University has offered a Packaging Engineering Certificate since the 2002-2003 academic year. The program covers the basics of packaging engineering, including materials, distribution packaging, and medical packaging. This presentation will give the history of transport packaging and It will describe the essence of the International Convention for Safe Containers (CSC).

A CONTAINER is a shipping equipment element which is: Used repeatedly, so it should be resistant enough to allow its continue use. Specially built to make merchandise’s shipping easier by one or more ways of transportation, without handling the merchandise internally. Built in a way that it can be carried or handled easily.

Transport packaging emerged in the. 1880s as the industrial revolution Transport packaging emerged in the 1880s as the industrial revolution blossomed and manufactures began shipping their goods nationwide via railroad. Containers were usually made of wood, textiles, or glass. HISTORY

From the end of World War I to the end of World War II, the use ratio of corrugated to wood containers went from 20/80 to 80/20. Pallets become popular for industrial use following World War II, and unitizing of high volume products for shipment accelerated in the 1950s. After the 50’s the use of cargo containers to send merchandise by sea increased as well as the construction of specialized cargo ships. This increased the interest to improved the security in the transportation of such containers.

The conventions are applied to maintain the safeness of the human lives involve in the Handling and Transportation of CONTAINERS. ICC Interstate Commerce Commission, rules the highway regulations in United States for safe container. UFC Uniform Freight Classification, issued by the National Railroad Committee, governs shipment by railroad in the USA. NMFC National Motor Freight Traffic Association IMDG approved by the IMO, sea regulations RID rules the train regulations in Europe for safe containers ADR rules the highway regulations in Europe for safe container IATA has its own regulation for air transportation

In London, England, on December 2 of 1972 was celebrated the International Convention for Safe Containers, CSC Signed by: the members of the International Maritime Organization, IMO.

CSC 1972 The convention will be applied to maintain the safety of the people involved in the handling and transportation of containers. Also this applies to new and used containers in international transportation, with the exception of the containers built exclusively for air transportation. In this convention were defined all the constructive, operative, security, inspection and control aspects of the containers subject to this convention.

International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972 Procedure for amending any party or parts of the Convention. Special procedure for amending annexes. Denunciation. Termination. Settlement of disputes. Reservations. Notification. Authentic texts. Articles: General obligation under the present Convention. Definitions. Application. Testing, inspection, approval and maintenance. Acceptance of approval. Control. Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession Entry into force

Article II DEFINITIONS International transport means transport between points of departure and destination situated in the territory of two countries to at least one of which the present Convention applies. Cargo means any goods, wares, merchandise and articles of every kind whatsoever carried in the containers. Maximum operating gross mass or Rating or R means the maximum allowable sum of the mass of the container and its cargo. Tare means the mass of the empty container. Maximum permissible payload or P means the difference between Rating and Tare. Load to describe a physical quantity signifies mass. Loading, as in internal loading, signifies force. Standard acceleration of gravity or G equals 9.8 m/s²

International Convention for Safe Containers, 1972 Annex I : Regulations for the testing, inspection, approval and maintenance of containers. CHAPTERS: I Regulation common to all systems of approval. II Regulations for approval of new containers by design type. III Regulations for approval of new containers by individual approval. IV Regulations for approval of existing containers and new containers not approved at time of manufacture V Regulations for approval of modified containers Annex II : Structural safety requirements and tests

Annex II : Structural safety requirements and tests “…In all phases of the operation of containers, the forces as a result of motion, location, stacking and gravitational effect of the loaded container and external forces will not exceed the design strength of the container.” CONSTRUCTION 1. A container made from any suitable material which satisfactorily performs the following test without sustaining any permanent deformation or abnormality which would render it incapable of being used for its designed purpose shall be considered safe. 2. The dimensions, positioning and associated tolerances of corner fittings shall be checked having regard to the lifting and securing systems in which they will function.

Annex II : Structural safety requirements and tests Test loads and test procedures: 1. Lifting 2. Stacking 3. Concentrated Loads 4. Transverse Racking 5. Longitudinal Restraint 6. End – Walls 7. Side - Walls

Structural safety requirements and tests Lifting The container, having the prescribed internal loading (2R), shall be lifted in such a way that no significant acceleration forces are applied. Also the container shall be suspended or supported for five minutes and then lowered to the ground. i) Lifting from top corner fittings L > 10 ft shall have lifting forces applied vertically at all four top corner fittings. L =< 10 ft in such a way that the angle between each lifting device and the vertical shall be 30º. ii) Lifting from bottom corner fittings Lifting forces applied in such a manner that the lifting devices bear on the bottom corner fittings only; the lifting forces shall be applied at angles to the horizontal of: L => 40 ft angle = 30º L => 30 ft angle = 37º L => 20 ft angle = 45º L < 20 ft angle = 60º

Structural safety requirements and tests Stacking On successful completion of this test, the container may be rated for the allowable superimposed static stacking load, which should be indicated on the Safety Approval Plate against the heading ALLOWABLE STACKING LOAD FOR 1.8g (kg and lbs). Internal Load: A uniformly distributed load such that the sum of the mass of container and test load is equal to 1.8R. External Load: Such as to subject each of the four top corner fittings to a vertical downward force equal to 0.25 x 1.8 x the gravitational force of the allowable superimposed static stacking load

Structural safety requirements and tests Concentrated Loads i) On roof internal load = None. external load = A concentrated gravitational force of 300 kg (660 lb) uniformly distributed over an area of 600 mm x 300 mm (24 in x 12 in). ii) On floor internal load = Two concentrated loads, q = 2730 kg (6000lb), each applied to the container floor on a contact area of 142 cm (22 sq in) external load = None. The container shall be tested for a contact area 22 sq in on each surface, the surface width being 180 mm (7in) spaced 760 mm (30 in) apart, center to center, should be maneuvered over the entire area of the container.

Structural safety requirements and tests Longitudinal Restraint (Static Test) Containers when carried by inland modes of transport, may sustain accelerations of 2g applied horizontally in a longitudinal direction Internal load = R. External load = Longitudinal compressive and tensile forces of magnitude Rg, that is, a combined force of 2Rg on the base of the container as a whole.

Structural safety requirements and tests End – Walls These should be capable of withstanding a force of not less than 0.4 times the force equal to gravitational force by maximum permissible payload (0.4Pg) Side – Walls These should be capable of withstanding a force of not less than 0.6 times the force equal to gravitational force by maximum permissible payload. (0.6Pg). Open topped containers shall be tested in the condition in which they are designed to be operated, for example, with removable top members in position. In case of a strength factor different from the one indicated above for the End Walls and the Side Walls, this factor shall be indicated on the Safety Approval Plate in accordance with annex I, regulation 1.

Annex I, Regulation 1 Safety Approval Plate The Safety Approval Plate plate shall take the form of a permanent, non-corrosive, fireproof rectangular plate measuring not less than 200mm x 100mm CSC SAFETY APPROVAL Country of approval and approval reference Date (month and year) of manufacture Identification No. Maximum operating gross mass (kg and lbs) Allowable stacking load for 1.8g (kg and lbs) Transverse racking test force (newtons) End-wall strength (if different than 0.4P) Side-wall strength (if different than 0.6P)

The conventions are applied to maintain the safeness of the human lives involve in the handling and transportation of CONTAINERS. ICC Interstate Commerce Commission, rules the highway regulations in United States for safe container. UFC Uniform Freight Classification, issued by the National Railroad Committee, governs shipment by railroad in the USA. NMFC National Motor Freight Traffic Association IMDG approved by the IMO, sea regulations RID rules the train regulations in Europe for safe containers ADR rules the highway regulations in Europe for safe container IATA has its own regulation for air transportation

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