Protein: Amino Acids Chapter 6

Amino Acid “R”

Amino Acids Essential amino acids i.e. indispensable amino acids PVT. TIM HALL (or PVT. MAT HILL) Nonessential amino acids i.e. dispensable amino acids “Conditionally” essential amino acids

An Essential Amino Acid

Nonessential Amino Acids

Proteins Remember Condendation? Dipeptide

Tripeptide: Yes...it’s three of ‘em.

Proteins Polypeptide

Proteins Amino acid sequences With 20 different amino acids you can say a lot!

Protein shape and function

Proteins Protein denaturation uncoiling loss of function heat or acid hydrolysis. loss of function

Protein Digestion Stomach HCl activated pepsinogen (proteolytic enzyme) Pepsinogen*  pepsin Pepsin hydrolyzes proteins! *Proenzyme-an inactive form of enzyme!

Protein Digestion Small intestine Proteases-more hydrolysis! Intestinal and pancreatic Peptidases

Protein Digestion in the GI Tract

Protein Absorption Carriers Capillaries Absorption misconceptions Enzyme/amino acid supplements

Protein Synthesis Sequencing errors

Roles of Proteins Building material Growth Maintenance

Roles of Proteins Enzymes

Roles of Proteins Hormones

Roles of Proteins Regulation of fluid balance Edema Acid-base regulation Acidosis Alkalosis

Transport Proteins One of the most important proteins in your body! The Sodium-Potassium Pump in action!

Roles of Proteins Immunity Antibodies Antigens

Protein Metabolism Protein turnover Amino acid pool Nitrogen balance Positive nitrogen balance Negative nitrogen balance

Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make proteins Using amino acids to make nonessential amino acids

Protein Metabolism Using amino acids to make other compounds Neurotransmitters

Protein Metabolism Using amino acids for energy and glucose Deamination-removal of NH3 Using amino acids to make fat

Protein Quality High-quality proteins Digestibility Animal (90%) vs. plant (70%) Amino acid composition Limiting amino acid

Protein Quality Reference protein Complementary proteins

Protein Quality PDCAAS Protein- digestibility-corrected-amino- acid-score

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Acute PEM Chronic PEM

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Marasmus Kwashiorkor Marasmus-kwashiorkor mix

Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) Infections Dysentery Rehabilitation-can they recover?

Health Effects Heart disease Cancer Adult bone loss osteoporosis

Health Effects Weight control Kidney disease?

Recommended Intakes 50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet RDA Daily Value 50 g protein 10% of a 2000 kcal diet RDA 0.8 g/kg/day 10% - 35% of energy intake

Recommended Intakes Adequate intake Protein in abundance

Supplements Protein supplements Amino acid supplements

Vegetarian Diets

Vegetarian Diets Diet planning Protein Lacto-ovo-vegetarians Meat replacements Texturized vegetable protein-basically soybeans

Vegetarian Diets Vitamins and minerals Lactovegetarians-easier to meet calcium/vit. D requirements Vegans-supplements likely needed. Omega-3 fatty acids also needed.

Vegetarian Diets Vegetarian diets through the life span Pregnancy and lactation Infancy Childhood and adolescence