STAAR Facts 2013 Social Studies

COLONIAL ERA Northern (New England) Colonies Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maine Cold climate, rocky soil Plymouth, Massachusetts founded in 1620 by Pilgrims for religious tolerance

COLONIAL ERA Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware) Fertile soil, milder climate, ideas of tolerance & quality Pennsylvania founded in 1680 by William Penn

COLONIAL ERA Southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia) Warm climate, pleasant soil, farming and agriculture Jamestown, VA founded in 1607 Georgia founded in 1733 as debtor’s colony

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS Mayflower Compact: Pilgrims pledged to obey law of colony House of Burgesses: 1st representative government in colonies, Virginia 1619

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: 1st written constitution in America Representative Government: Citizens elect representatives

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR 1754-1763 George Washington gained prominence England had more land to control War costs plunged England into debt

FRENCH & INDIAN WAR Proclamation of 1763: colonists could not settle beyond Appalachian Mountains Treaty of Paris of 1763: ended French & Indian War; kicked French out of North America

REVOLUTIONARY ERA George Washington: Commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. 1st President of the U.S. His farewell address warned against foreign alliances & political parties.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Thomas Jefferson: Author of the Declaration of Independence 3rd President of the U.S.

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Benjamin Franklin: Publisher & inventor Respected statesman who guided colonies toward independence Convinced France to support America during Revolution

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Samuel Adams: Patriot, member of the Sons of Liberty, organized Committees of Correspondence Patrick Henry: Patriot, “Give me liberty or give me death!”

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Thomas Paine: Author of Common Sense; convinced colonists to support the revolution against Britain King George III: Ruler of Great Britain during the American Revolution

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Abigail Adams: Wife of John Adams, famous for letters about women’s rights, “Remember the ladies” Mercy Otis Warren: Writer who wrote plays, poems, and essays for independence from Britain

REVOLUTIONARY ERA James Armistead: slave who enlisted as a Patriot spy; Marquis de Lafayette helped him earn his freedom Crispus Attucks: former slave, 1st civilian shot at Boston massacre

REVOLUTIONARY ERA John Paul Jones: American Revolution naval hero Haym Solomon: helped finance the Revolutionary War Wentworth Cheswell: town leader, interested in the betterment of America

REVOLUTIONARY ERA Marquis de Lafayette: French officer who helped train American soldiers to fight against British; secured the help of France during the war Bernardo de Galvez: governor of Louisiana territory, helped U.S. buy Spanish weapons, gunpowder, and supplies

CAUSES OF REVOLUTION Proclamation of 1763 Colonies taxed to pay for French & Indian War “No taxation without representation!” Tax acts, including Stamp, Sugar, and Tea Boston Massacre Intolerable Acts

AMERICAN REVOLUTION Lexington & Concord: 1st battle; “shot heard ‘round the world” Battle of Saratoga: turning point; French entered war as allies to Patriots Battle of Yorktown: British defeat that ended war Treaty of Paris 1783: British recognized American independence

REVOLUTION ERA VOCAB Tariff: tax on imports & exports Mercantilism: nation’s power depended on its wealth; “more money, more power” Grievance: wrongdoing by England & King George Tyranny: cruel & unjust government

REVOLUTIONARY ERA VOCAB Loyalists: Americans who supported Great Britain Patriots: Americans who favored independence from Britain Declaration of Independence: written by Thomas Jefferson, lists grievances against King George lll Unalienable rights: rights that cannot be taken away

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 1st Constitution (1781) 1st form of government established by the 13 states Replaced by the U.S. Constitution because it had a weak central government (no court system, no power to tax, no executive branch)

Influences of U.S. CONSTITUTION Magna Carta 1215: limited the king’s powers; provided trial by jury English Bill of Rights 1687: cruel & unusual punishment forbidden, right to bear arms Declaration of Independence 1776:Unalienable rights of life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

U.S. CONSTITUTION FACTS 1787: delegates from 13 states drafted the Constitution in Philadelphia, PA Delegates included: John Adams, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton who authored the Constitution

U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB Preamble: introduction of the Constitution that states its purpose Northwest Ordinance of 1787: established orderly expansion of western territory & way for states to join Union Ratify: to approve

U.S. CONSTITUTION VOCAB Federalist Papers: 1787-1788- Essays written to encourage ratification of the Constitution. Authors included James Madison, Alexander Hamilton and John Jay.

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Great Compromise: Determined state representation in U.S. Congress: All states get 2 votes in Senate; number of seats in the House of Representatives depends on the state population. Virginia and New Jersey Plans

CONSTITUTIONAL COMPROMISES Three-Fifths Compromise: Slavery Each slave counts as 3/5ths a person for taxation and representation

U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES Separation of Powers: divides powers of government into 3 branches – Legislative, Executive and Judicial Federalism: Power is shared between states & national government Republicanism: people vote to elect representatives to run government

U.S. CONSTITUTION PRINCIPLES Individual Rights: basic liberties of all citizens guaranteed by Bill of Rights Checks & Balances: no branch of government becomes too powerful Limited Government: “No one is above the law” Popular Sovereignty: People hold supreme power Democracy: government that gives power to the people

BILL OF RIGHTS 1ST 10 amendments of the Constitution Protects individual rights & liberties Bill of Rights was necessary for some states to ratify the Constitution

COURT CASES Marbury v. Madison (1803): established judicial review. The Supreme Court has the authority to decide whether a law is constitutional McCullough v. Maryland: federal government overrides state governments

COURT CASES Dred Scott v. Sanford: Scott, a slave, was considered property, not a citizen, and was not granted freedom Gibbons v. Ogden: regulated interstate commerce, or trade between states

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Era of change from household industries to factory production using machines. Inventions include Cotton Gin, Steamboat Urbanization: population moves from farms to cities Protective Tariff: tax on goods from another country to promote American economy

CAUSES OF WAR OF 1812 Impressment of sailors Britain interfered with U.S. trade British attacked American ships British encouraged Indians to attack Americans on the frontier

WAR OF 1812 British attack and set fire to Washington D.C. Francis Scott Key writes The Star-Spangled Banner while watching battle of Fort McHenry in Baltimore Andrew Jackson wins Battle of New Orleans

WAR OF 1812 OUTCOME The MONROE DOCTRINE states the U.S. will not interfere with existing European colonies in the Americas but will fight any new ones.

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Andrew Jackson was “Peoples’ President,” beginning of Democratic Party. He favored states’ rights and opposed a strong central government.

JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY Indian Removal Act: policy that removed Cherokee from eastern homeland Trail of Tears: forced removal of Cherokee from homes to resettle in Oklahoma Bank of U.S. forced to close; government funds withdrawn

WESTWARD EXPANSION Manifest Destiny: belief that the U.S. should expand from Atlantic to Pacific Oceans; land acquisition through the 1860s Texas (1845), Mexican Cession (1848), Utah Territory (1850), Gadsden Purchase (1853), Oregon Territory (1859)

WESTWARD EXPANSION Railroads encouraged settlement in the west and created thousands of jobs Sectionalism: strong sense of loyalty to a state or section Mormons: religious group that moved west and settle in Utah to escape religious persecution.

STATES’ RIGHTS Belief in local government close to the people; each state should be able to decide issues for themselves Plantation System: economic system where slaves provided labor necessary to plan & harvest cash crops Nullification: idea that a state can declare a federal law illegal

NULLIFICATION CRISIS Argument between South Carolina & federal government over role of national government SC opposed high tariff started by federal govt. SC claimed states had right to reject any law that was to state’s disadvantage Federal govt. threatened to send in military Henry Clay helped reach compromise

MISSOURI COMPROMISE Maine enters U.S. as a free state; Missouri enters as a slave state 36/30 latitude line divided free and slave territories

COMPROMISE OF 1850 California admitted as a free state Mexican Cession lands would decide slavery issue with popular sovereignty Border set between Mexico & Texas Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

REFORMERS: Abolitionists Harriet Tubman: conductor on the Underground Railroad Frederick Douglas: influential speaker and writer Sojourner Truth: spoke about her experiences as a slave

REFORMERS: Women’s Suffrage Suffrage: women’s right to vote Elizabeth Cady Stanton: worked for women’s rights; wrote Declaration of Sentiments Susan B. Anthony: campaigned for women’s suffrage

REFORMERS Temperance: campaign against the sale or drinking of alcohol Civil Disobedience: refusal to obey government law as a means of resistance

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION Civil War: War between the North & South from 1861-1865 North: President Abraham Lincoln, General Ulysses S. Grant South: President Jefferson Davis, General Robert E. Lee

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION Causes included: Sectionalism Differences over slavery and states’ rights Manufacturing vs. agricultural economies Anti-slavery sentiment in North Lincoln elected President in 1860

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln: 1st Republican President whose election encouraged South to secede from Union. He was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth while attending a play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. just 5 days after the end of the Civil War.

CIVIL WAR & RECONSTRUCTION Lincoln’s speeches: 1st inaugural address: secession was illegal, he would not interfere with slavery where it already existed, South would be responsible for any war 2nd inaugural address: “with malice toward none…” Gettysburg Address (1863): ”Government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth.” Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Document declaring that all slaves were free

CIVIL WAR BATTLES Fort Sumter: 1st battle began when Confederate forces attacked U.S. fort in South Carolina Gettysburg: Lee’s only offensive battle in the North (Pennsylvania), turning point of war when Lee retreats back to the South

CIVIL WAR BATTLES Vicksburg: Confederates surrender, giving the Union control of the Mississippi River; turning point of war. Appomattox Court House: Lee surrenders to Grant, the Civil War ends

RECONSTRUCTION AMENDMENTS 13th Amendment: Abolished slavery 14th Amendment: Made former slaves citizens and gave equal protection for all citizens 15th Amendment: African-American males are given the right to vote

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Free Enterprise System: people can conduct business free of government control Subsistence Agriculture: farmer produces just enough to support himself & his family with nothing left for purchasing manufactured goods.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Market-Oriented Agriculture: Goods are produced in mass quantities with intention of selling them Cottage Industries: business that employs a large number of workers to produce goods in a factory

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Columbian Exchange: exchange of crops, animals, disease, and ideas of different cultures after Europeans landed in the Americas

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Immigration: Movement of people into a country from another country Migration: Movement of persons from one location to another

IMPORTANT DATES 1607: 1st European settlement at Jamestown in North America 1620: Pilgrims land at Plymouth to escape religious persecution in England 1776: America declares independence from Britain

IMPORTANT DATES 1787: The Northwest Ordinance provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory

IMPORTANT DATES 1803: United States purchased from France the Louisiana Territory, land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, doubling the size of the United States. President Thomas Jefferson sent Lewis & Clark to explore the new territory.

IMPORTANT DATES 1861-1865: American Civil War, from the 1st shots fired at Ft. Sumter to the surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Court House. For timeline: http://www.historyplace.com/civilwar/

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