By: Robby Theisen, Elan Karlin, Andrew Rosenblatt

 Measuring Blood Pressure  Automatic: Press start, let the machine work  Manual: Increase pressure until you can no longer hear the pulse on the elbow  Slowly release the pressure  When you first hear the pulse, mark down the pressure, and when the sound goes away again, mark down the pressure  The first number will be the systolic blood pressure and the second will be the diastolic  Measurement is Systolic/Diatolic

 Purpose of Circulatory System:  Transport oxygen from blood to muscles.  Moving waste.  Transportation of hormones.  Circulates immune system cells.  Maintaining core temperature

 Structure:  Heart  A muscular organ which pumps blood through the body.  Lungs  Elastic sacs that draw air to be absorbed into the blood stream.  Veins  Any tubes of the CS carrying oxygen-depleted blood.  Arteries  Any tubes of the CS carrying oxygenated blood.  Blood  The red liquid circulating in the CS carrying oxygen and carbon-dioxide.

 Blood Tissue Composition:  Plasma: contains proteins, vitamins, minerals, waste and is the chief component of the blood  Red Blood Cells: Transport oxygen to all parts of the body  White Blood Cells: Protect body from pathogens.  Platelets: Causes blood to coagulate, stops bleeding

 Structure:  Divided into lateral sections: Each side has an atrium which leads to a ventricle through semi-lunar valves. Oxygenated-blood exits ventricles through pulmonary valves to arteries.  Valves: located between each atrium and ventricle and between each ventricle and artery. Their function is to ensure that blood is pumped in only one direction.

 Cardiac Pacemaker: Two biological pacemakers  Primary Pacemaker: produces electrical stimuli that operate the heart.  Secondary Pacemakers: receives electrical impulses from primary pacemaker and moves it to the bundle of His, ultimately causing the left and right ventricles to contact.

 Heartbeat Control: controlled by two factors  Internal Control: the pacemaker that transmits involuntary impulses to the heart.  External Control: the nervous system which controls the heart rate, and adapts it to the body’s needs according to its activity and state.  Cardiac output may also be controlled by a surgically inserted pacemaker.

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 Three types: Veins, arteries, and capillaries  Veins: Carry blood back to heart  Arteries: Carry blood away from heart  Capillaries: Distributes blood from major vessels to tissues Pulmonary systems have double circulation. It is the blood vessels that run from heart to lungs.

 Two different circuits: Large Circuit, Pulmonary Circuit  Full Double Circulation  Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium, and flows to the right ventricle where it is pumped to the lungs  Blood flows to the lungs, picks up oxygen, and reenters the heart in the left atrium  Now oxygenated blood then enters the left ventricle, is pumped through the aorta to the whole body, and then reenters the heart in the right atrium

 Pressure caused by the pumping of blood through the main arteries and veins  Systolic- Pressure after heart has contracted  Diastolic- Resting heart pressure  Normal Value: 120/80

 Atherosclerosis (Hardening of the Arteries)  Endothelial layer (a type of epithelium composed of single layer of smooth cells lining the heart) is damaged due to fat penetration from beneath. This is followed by an a inflammatory reaction involving white blood cells and produces a chem rxn called cholesterol oxidation.

 Myocardial Infraction “Heart Attack”  Total blockage of coronary artery or branching arteriole. Section of the heart nourished by artery will not receive supply of blood and begins to die. Blockage can also be caused by a clot.  The heart may stop beating should a Heart Attack occur, especially in the event of ventricular fibrillation-when no blood enters the ventricle to be pumped

1) Cardiac Output  Influences systolic blood pressure. 2) Peripheral Resistance  Influences diastolic pressure 3) Viscosity  The greater the viscosity of the blood the higher, the blood pressure. 4) Elasticity of the Arteries  Influences diastolic and systolic blood pressure. 5) Force of Gravity  In order to measure blood pressure as it leaves the heart, we need to measure at heart level because blood pressure varies in different parts of the body. 6) Blood Volume More blood in circulatory system means higher blood pressure.

 Designed to evaluate function of heart by observing its electrical activity. During the test electrical charges created in the heart muscles are registered.