 What is Highway?  A highway is any public road or other public way on land.  A main road, especially one between towns or cities.

  Planning and Development  Financing  Environmental Impact Assessment  Highway Safety  Geometric Design  Pavement Design Procedure

 ClassLength (km) Expressways 1,000 km (620 mi) Total National Highways 92, km (57, mi) National Highways (Already 4/6 laned) 16,000 km (9,900 mi) National Highways (Being 4/6 laned) 25,000 km (16,000 mi) State Highways 154,522 km (96,016 mi) Major and other district roads 2,577,396 km (1,601,520 mi) Rural & other roads 1,433,577 km (890,783 mi) Total (approx) 4,245,429 km (2,637,987 mi) Types of Highway

 Type of Roadway RuralUrban US (feet) Metric (meters) US (feet) Metric (meters) Freeway Ramps (1-lane) Arterial Collector Local Width of highways

 Black cotton soil

  The property of volumetric changes with the change of atmospheric conditions makes black cotton soil dangerous to the foundation of buildings.  It has a great affinity to water.  This tendency of soil is on account of the presence of fine clay particles.  The cracks thus formed are sometimes 15 to 20 cm wide and 2.5 to 4 m deep.

  India has large tracks of expansive soil known as Black Cotton soil (BC soil), covering an area of 0.8 million square kilometer, which is about 20% of total land area.  The major areas of their occurrence are states of Maharashtra, Gujarat, southern parts of Uttar Pradesh, eastern parts of Madhya Pradesh, parts of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.  Black cotton soil (BC soil) has very low bearing capacity and high swelling and shrinkage characteristics

  Soil stabilization method  Soil replacement method Methods to improve soil bearing capacity

  Cement stabilization  Lime Stabilization  Bituminous Stabilization  Lime-Fly Ash (LF) and Lime-Cement-Fly Ash (LCF) etc. Soil stabilization methods

  In general, all lime treated fine grained soils exhibit decreased plasticity, improved workability and reduced volume change characteristics.  However, not all soils exhibit improved strength characteristics. It should be emphasized that the properties of soil lime mixtures are dependent on many variables.  Soil type, lime type, lime percentage and curing conditions (time, temperature, moisture) are the most important. Lime stabilization

 Cont.  In order to achieve the above objective, the black cotton soil has been arbitrarily reinforced with lime. So the suitability of lime is considered to enhance the properties of black cotton soil.  A cycle of experiments such as Liquid limit test, Plastic Limit Test, Permeability test, California bearing ratio test (CBR) test, unconfined compressive strength and Hydrometer test is carried out on black cotton soil sample with different percentages of lime.

Properties of Black Cotton Soil Sr.No.:ParticularsTest Value 1. Specific Gravity Liquid Limit%48.5% 3. Plastic Limit%22.7% 4. Plasticity Index%25.8% 5. Shrinkage Limit%8.61% 6. Grain Size Distribution%89.783%

BCS - Black cotton soil SAM0 - Black cotton soil+5% lime SAM5 - SAM0 +5% Rice husk ash SAM10 - SAM0+10% Rice husk ash SAM15 - SAM0+15% Rice husk ash SAM20 - SAM0+20% Rice husk ash

 Soil replacement

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  Bhavnagar-Dholera State Highway No- 6:  This area region is highly affected with salinity and soil type is expansive soil  Swelling of soil in subgrade in expansive type of soil  Shrinkage creates crakes in subgrade in dry session.  Consolidation creates uneven pavement in dry session. Highway Constructed on Black Cotton Soil

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  We can connect village to city or village to village which are highly affected by black cotton soil with help of processing method to improve strength of highway on Black Cotton Soil. Conclusion