1. An Introduction To Chemical Soil Stabilization Presented by: Marco Silvestre, P.EGary Dukewits

2. Agenda Objective of Presentation Purpose of Chemical Treatment of Soils Typical Chemical Stabilizers Chemical Stabilization Processes Mix Design Considerations Construction Considerations

3. Objective of Presentation Overview of typical available chemical soil stabilizers A general understanding of chemical soil stabilization process Advantages and disadvantages in the use of each chemical soil stabilizer Considerations in specifying chemical soil stabilization method

4. Purpose of Chemical Treatment of Soils Drying of Soil Short term effect, reducing the moisture content level of wet soil to improve its workability, keep project on schedule, and extend construction season.

5. Purpose of Chemical Treatment of Soils Soil Modification Soil enhancement, its effects longer lasting than drying, but not permanent. Speeds construction with stable “weather proof” working platform. Maximizes use of low cost, on-site materials. Reduces plasticity. Improves workability.

6. Purpose of Chemical Treatment of Soils Soil Stabilization All soil modification benefits, and permanently increase compressive strength, increase load-deformation properties, and improve durability during freeze-thaw and wet-dry cycles, to be incorporated into structural design.

7. Typical Chemical Soil Stabilizers Lime Fly Ash Cement Kiln Dust Portland Cement Lime Kiln Dust Bitumen Various Blends

8. Typical Chemical Soil Stabilizers Lime Quicklime: CaO, a caustic and alkaline substance formed during calcination of limestone in lime kiln. Hydrated Lime: Ca[OH] 2 formed by exothermic reaction between CaO + H 2 O. Lime Slurry: A suspension of quicklime or hydrated lime in water.

9. Typical Chemical Soil Stabilizers Fly Ash Finely divided residue that results from the combustion of pulverized coal and is transported from the combustion chamber by exhaust gases. Class F - anthracite or bituminous coals Class C - lignite or subbitumous coals Fly ash is a pozzolan (contains AlO 3, SiO 2, and Fe 2 O 3 ). Class C fly ash self cementing due to significant amount of free lime.

10. Typical Chemical Soil Stabilizers Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) Fine-grained, solid, highly alkaline material removed from the cement kiln exhaust gas by scrubbers. - Pre-calciner kiln dust - Long-wet or Long-dry kiln dust

11. Chemical Soil Stabilization Processes Lime Initial Soil Drying: CaO + H 2 O Ca(OH) 2 + Heat (Hydration, occurs instantly). Modification: Flocculation and agglomeration process where calcium ions of hydrated lime replace sodium and hydrogen ions from surface of clay particles, resulting in a soil with friable and granular characterisics and reduced plasticity index. (Occurs within hours). Stabilization: Breaking down clay particles, releasing silica and alumina, which react with calcium from lime into CSH and CAH cementious matrix. (Occurs within hours and can continue for years).

12. Chemical Soil Stabilization Processes Class C Fly Ash Pozzolans react with lime and water to form cementious material. CaO + H 2 O => Ca(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 => Ca ++ + 2[OH] - Ca ++ + 2[OH] - + SiO 2 => CSH (silica) (gel) Ca ++ + 2[OH] - + Al 2 O 3 => CAH (alumina) (gel)

13. Chemical Soil Stabilization Processes Cement Kiln Dust Both processes described for lime and Class C Fly Ash will occur for pre-calciner CKD due to presence of pozzolans and relative large amount of free lime. Long-dry or Long-wet CKD does not contain significant amount of free lime; thus stabilization process primarily based on formation of cementitious material as described for Class C Fly Ash.

14. Mix Design Considerations Type of Soil –Lime use limited to plastic clay soils CH and CL with PI > 10 –Class C Fly Ash and CKD applied to wider range of soil types from SM to CL-ML to CH Purpose of Stabilized Soil –Pavement Subgrade –Bridging Soft Subgrade Soils –Low Plasticity Structural Fill

15. Mix Design Considerations Type of Desired Improvement –Increased Strength –Reduced Plasticity and Shrink-Swell –Improved Freeze-Thaw or Wet-Dry Durability Required Strength and Durability Gain Readily Available Chemical Additives & Source Specific Chemical Analysis Cost

16. Mix Design Considerations Typical quantities of chemical additives, based on soil dry weight. –Quicklime: 3-6% –Hydrated Lime: 5-7% –Class C Fly Ash: 12-17% –Pre-calciner CKD: 5-8% –Other CKD: 8-12%

17. Construction Considerations Available Construction Standard Specifications –FAA P-155 – Lime Treated Subgrade P-157 – CKD Treated Subgrade P-158 – Fly Ash Treated Subgrade –ODOT Section 307 – Lime Treated Subgrade Section 317 – Fly Ash Modified Subgrade

18. Construction Considerations Typical Equipment –Graders and Scarifyers –Spreaders –Mixers and Pulverizers –Sheepsfoot and Pneumatic Rollers –Sprinklers –Trucks

19. Construction Considerations Typical Mixing Process for Lime –Application and Spreading of Dry Additive –Mixing & Moisture Condition +3-5% omc 1 st mixing within 6 hrs from application, lightly roll, and allow curing of 48-72 hours. Final mixing after curing and until 100% < 1-1/2” Sieve and 60% < #4 Sieve. –Compaction & Moisture Condition Typically -2 to +2% omc –Finishing and Curing

20. Construction Considerations Typical Mixing Process for Fly Ash –Application and Spreading of Dry Additive –Mixing & Moisture Condition 1 st Mixing of soil and fly ash on dry of omc until 100% < 2-1/2 inches Final mixing and add water +2 to 5% omc until 100% < 1-1/2” Sieve and 50% < ¾” Sieve. –Compaction within 2 to 3 hours from application Immediately following final mixing, and such that moisture ranges -2 to +2% omc –Finishing and Curing

21. Construction Considerations Typical Mixing Process for CKD –Application and Spreading of Dry Additive –Mixing & Moisture Condition Mixing and add water +0 to 6% omc, continue mixing until 100% < 1-1/2” Sieve. –Compaction may be delayed 24 hrs after mixing No extended curing time required as with lime and no narrow time window between application and compaction as with fly ash. –Finishing and Curing

22. THANK YOU! Marco Silvestre, P.E Gary Dukewits