Living Environment Regents Review Terms This power point corresponds with the green living environment workbook Topics 5,6 and 9 are not included By: Demitra Tzakas

Topic 1- Similarities and Differences Among Living Organisms Important definitions Cells- basic units of structure and function Metabolism- combination of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism Homeostasis- maintenance of internal stability Reproduction- living things pass hereditary information to new organisms of the same type Life Processes Cell respiration- breaking nutrients into smaller units to release the chemical energy stored in them Synthesis- combining simple substances into complex substances Growth- increasing the size or number of cells Excretion- removing wastes from organisms

Organic and Inorganic molecules Organic molecules- contain carbon and hydrogen Inorganic molecules- do not contain both carbon and hydrogen Organization Organelles- specialized structures Tissues- groups of specialized cells in multicellular organisms Organ- performs one of the life processes Organ system- several organs working together to perform a life process. Cell- Tissue-Organ-Organ System Organelles inside the cell Nucleus- largest structure that controls the cell’s metabolism and contains DNA Vacuoles- storage sacs within the cytoplasm Ribosomes- make proteins Mitochondria- energy source Chloroplast- green structures in plant cells that contain chlorophyll used for photosynthesis Cell membrane- thin structure that controls what enters and leaves the cell Centrioles- help in cell division in animal cells Cell wall- protective structure around a plant cell E.R.- transport and manufacture material to other locations Lysosome- keep animal cells clean by recycling materials Golgi bodies- involved in intracellular secretion and transport. Cytoplasm- holds organelles

Animal cell Plant cell

Diffusion- molecules move from high to low concentration Active transport- moving molecules from low concentration to high concentration Molecules in cells Digestion- large molecules being broken down into simpler molecules Amino acids- result of digestion of proteins Simple sugars- result of digestion of starches Nerve cells Receptor molecules- receive messages from other cells Hormones- chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells

Human Body Systems Digestion- one-way passage through the body Respiration- uses oxygen to break down food molecules to release energy Circulation- involves involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism. Excretion- removal of all waste products of digestion Movement- interaction of muscles and bones-muscular and skeletal systems Coordination- Nervous system sends signals along nerves. Glands of the endocrine system produce chemical messengers that travel in the bloodstream. Immunity- ability to resist disease due to antibodies that can be made by having a vaccination or catching the disease. Reproduction- organisms reproduce the same kind. Releases sex cells and hormones that are needed for the making of offspring and regulation of their development.

Topic 2- Homeostasis in Organisms Biochemical processes- chemical processes that occur in living things Photosynthesis- energy is stored in chemical bonds of organic molecules such as carbohydrates. Light energy+ water+ carbon dioxide= glucose + oxygen. Carried out by plants Cellular respiration- completed in the mitochondria of living organisms. Glucose+ oxygen= ATP+ water + carbon dioxide Important terms Enzyme- special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions Gas exchange- obtaining oxygen from the environment and releasing carbon dioxide Catalyst- any substance that can affect the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed or used up during the reaction. Optimum- highest point Dynamic equilibrium- keep the environment within the limits needed for survival Feedback mechanism- cycle in which the output of a system modifies or reinforces the action taken by the system Stimuli- changes in the environment

Disease affecting homeostasis Disease- any condition that prevents the body from working as it should. Cause of disease= inherited disorder( down syndrome, sickle cell disease), exposure to toxins(lead poisoning, radiation poisoning), poor nutrition(scurvy, goiter), organ malfunction(heart attack, diabetes), high-risk behaviors(lung cancer, drug addiction). Pathogen- viruses, bacteria, fungi and other parasites that interfere with our normal functioning and make us seriously ill. Cancer- genetic mutations in a cell that result in uncontrolled cell division. Immune system- body’s primary defense against disease causing pathogens Antigen- trigger a response from the immune system Antibodies- proteins that either attack the invaders or mark them for killing Microbes- microscopic organisms Vaccines- made of weakened or killed pathogens that help build antibodies for immunity AIDS- an example of a disease caused by an attack on the immune system Allergy- rapid immune system reaction to environmental substances that are normally harmless Histamine- released by the immune system as a reaction Antihistamine- reduces the effects of the histamines and the symptoms they cause

Topic 3- genetic continuity Hereditary and genes Heredity- passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction DNA- hereditary information Chromosomes- found in the nuclei and contain DNA- double helix Asexual reproduction- involves one parent Clones- identical copies of the parent Sexual reproduction- involves two parents Sperm- sex cells produced by the male Egg- sex cell produced by the female Body cells- cells other than sex cells Genetic recombination- when a sperm and egg combine to form a new cell with a complete set of genetic instructions, a unique combination if genes result. Subunits- smaller sections DNA molecules are made of In DNA A-T and G-T, In RNA A-U and G-T

Genetic Engineering- new technology humans use to alter the instructions in organisms Selective breeding- process that produces domestic animals and new varieties of plants with desirable traits Biotechnology- application of technology to biological science

Topic 4- Reproduction and development Asexual reproduction- identical to parent Sexual reproduction- offspring receive half genes from one parent and half from another Sex cells-gametes(egg or sperm cells) Clone- identical copy Cell division-orderly separation of one cell into two Mitosis- produces two cells that each a full set of identical genes and chromosomes Meiosis- each sex cell only has half the genetic information needed for a cell to function properly- variation Fertilization- when sperm and egg meet or combine

Female reproductive system Ovaries- produce gametes-egg cells Estrogen- hormone Oviducts- where fertilization occurs Uterus- where fetus develops Placenta- organ responsible for the passage of nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s blood to the fetus Male reproductive system Testes- produce male gametes- sperm Testosterone- male hormone

Topic 7- Human impact on ecosystems Renewable resources- can be replaced, ex: oxygen and sunlight Nonrenewable resources- cannot be replaced, ex: fossil fuels and minerals Pollution- a harmful change in the chemical makeup of soil, water, or air- can affect the environment and disrupt ecosystems Soil formation- soils forms when weathering breaks down rocks and when organic molecules are decaying plants and animals accumulate. Water cycle- water continually moves from earths surface to the atmosphere and back. Flow of energy in an ecosystem is presented by food chains, food webs and energy pyramids Carrying capacity- number of individuals of a species the environment can support Deforestation- destruction of forests Biodiversity- wide variety of different species living together in an ecosystem

Topic 8- scientific inquiry and skills Similar to the scientific method Scientific inquiry -questioning -observing and inferring -experimenting -collecting and organizing data -finding evidence and drawing conclusions -repeat the experiment several times -peer review Independent variable- factors that may influence the dependent variable Dependent variable- what is being measured Control- established reference point used as a standard of comparison

Good Luck!