BA 471 Management Information Systems Hardware Basics

 Computer Systems Hardware Software Databases (or files) Telecommunications Networks

Hardware Basics  Purpose of hardware Input Processing Storage Output

Hardware Basics  Why you need to know this Decide / approve what to purchase Participate in evaluations  Evaluation criteria: Performance Cost Complexity (maintainability) Viability (“upgradeability,” future plans)

Hardware Basics - Components  CPU – Physically: digital circuits on chips Consists of:  Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)  Control unit  Registers  Memory

Hardware Basics - Components  CPU ALU CONTROL UNIT REGISTER MEMORY

Hardware Basics - Components  This is not a CPU!

Hardware Basics - Components  What a CPU does: Execute Instructions  Two phases Instruction phase Execution phase

Hardware Basics - Components  Instruction Phase Fetch instructions – literally, get program instructions and data Decode instructions – literally, interpret instructions and pass to execution unit  Execution Phase Execute - Calculate, evaluate, compare Store results

Hardware Basics - Components Process Input   Output FETCH, DECODE EXECUTE, STORE ALU CONTROL UNIT REGISTER MEMORY

Hardware Basics - Components  Every time an instruction phase and execution phase completes, that’s a Machine Cycle  Performance element

Hardware Basics - Components  How long does a Machine Cycle take? Microsecond Nanosecond Pico second  MIPS = Millions of Instructions Per Second

Hardware Basics - Components  “Co-lo” “MIPS in a rack” “MIPS on the floor”

Hardware Basics - Components Process Input   Output FETCH, DECODE EXECUTE, STORE --- Machine Cycle -- ~ ~ “Clock time”~ ~ ALU CONTROL UNIT REGISTER MEMORY

Hardware Basics - Components  Speed: “Clock time” = frequency of electronic pulses Performance element  Microcode Performance element

Hardware Basics - Components Mark 1 (1940s) IBM 360 Console

Hardware Basics - Components Admiral Grace Hopper ( ) Pioneer in Computing

Hardware Basics - Components  Bits, bytes, hexadecimal  Word length: How many bits a cpu can process at one time Performance element

Hardware Basics - Components  Memory ROM v. RAM  Secondary Storage Tape Disk (direct access) Optical DVD Flash Removable/Expandable